Systems and methods for delivering biomaterials

ABSTRACT

Delivery systems and methods for forming and delivering biomaterials from two components are described herein. In particular, apparatus and methods for performing controlled delivery of multicomponent delivery of biomaterials into or onto a body part, such as a body lumen are described. More specifically, in some embodiments, the apparatus and methods are directed towards controlled delivery of micro-volumes of biomaterials into or onto a target location, the micro-volumes being defined as 0.001 mL-1 mL (or 1 μL-1,000 μL) of volume.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.16/681,572, entitled “Systems and Methods for Delivering Biomaterials”filed Nov. 12, 2019, which claims benefit of priority to U.S.Provisional Application No. 62/760,650 entitled “Methods and Apparatusfor Automated, Microvolume Delivery of Biomaterials,” filed Nov. 13,2018, all of which are incorporated herein by reference in theirentirety.

BACKGROUND

The embodiments described herein relate generally to delivery devicesand method of delivering biomaterials, and more particularly tocontrolled formation and delivery of a hydrogel to a body lumen.

Biomaterials are natural or synthetic materials (such as polymers) thatare suitable for introduction into living tissues as a therapeutic (totreat, augment, repair, modify, or replace a tissue function of thebody) or as a diagnostic. Biomaterials such as hydrogel implants havebeen shown to be useful for embolization, drug delivery, sealing,filling, and occlusion purposes. Hydrogels are highly hydrated polymerchains or networks that are able to absorb significant volumes of waterand can have tunable mechanical properties. Biomaterials are ofteninjectable, such as through a needle and/or catheter into the body. Wheninjected, the material may gel or cross-link to form the implant. Manyknown systems, however, deliver multiple components into the body thatare then cross-linked within the body after delivery. As such, theformation of the delivered hydrogel can be dependent on the in vivoconditions. Such known methods can therefore expose the patient to boththe underlying components (i.e., the monomers or macromers that form thedelivered hydrogel) and the delivered hydrogel itself. Such knownmethods may also require additional stimulation after delivery into thebody to facilitate formation of the hydrogel. Such additional steps canresult in longer procedures and increased variability (i.e.,patient-to-patient) for the procedure.

Some known systems and methods include injecting and/or implanting abiomaterial product (e.g., a hydrogel) into a small area such as thelumen of a vessel or duct. For example, in some applications, thebiomaterial will form an implant that acts as an occlusion orembolization of a lumen. The occlusion can be used for providingcontraception to a subject by occluding the vas deferens, fallopiantube(s), or uterus. Such occlusions can also be used to occlude anyother body part, such as ducts, tissues, interstitial spaces, or organssuch as for drug delivery, spacing, sealing, embolizing, or bulkingpurposes. Known delivery systems, however, do not provide the desiredsafety, accuracy, precision, and/or repeatability, particularly whenmicro-volumes are involved. For example, some known delivery systems andmethods are specifically designed to produce a spray (e.g., for woundhealing, etc.). Because precise control over the total amount delivered,timing of the delivery, rate of delivery and/or delivery force is notoften a significant concern for such applications. Such known systemsare not suitable for applications where delivery of a small, preciseamount to a specific location is desired.

Some known systems include a manual delivery device, such as a syringethat is operated by hand to deliver the components. Such manual systems,however, can often result in high variability. For example, the manualforce applied by a physician on a hand delivery device can vary fromprocedure-to-procedure, and those variations are further magnified whenconsidering different physicians performing the delivery procedure ondifferent patients under different operating conditions. The variationsin manual force applied on known hand delivery devices may drasticallyimpact the total delivery amount administered to a patient and/or to aspecific target area, particularly when the desired amount ofcompositions is very small (e.g., 0.001 mL to 1 mL). Insufficientdelivery of compositions may result in the target area not beingproperly occluded, embolized, or sealed, which may result in a failedoperation. On the other hand, excess delivery of compositions may leadto undesired occlusion, embolization, or sealing of non-target areas,and may be problematic if the non-target areas are sensitive to thecompositions or need to remain free from occlusion, embolization, orsealing. Excess delivery of composition may also result in delivery of afinal amount greater than the capacity of the target area, resulting indamage. For example, if the volume of the compositions delivered exceedsa capacity of a target vessel, the target vessel may rupture or thetissue may experience a histological response.

Some known delivery systems include an electromechanical deliverymechanism, and therefore do not rely on the practitioner to generate thedelivery forces and control the timing and delivery process. Forexample, high-pressure jet injectors have been used to deliverhigh-viscous materials such as liquids and powders into the body fordrug delivery purposes (see Nora C Hogan, Andrew J Taberner, Lynette AJones & Ian W Hunter (2015), Needle-free delivery of macromoleculesthrough the skin using controllable jet injectors, Expert Opinion onDrug Delivery, 12:10, 1637-1648). However, these devices are usuallyonly applicable for injections into the epidermis and do not have aneedle or catheter attachment to inject liquids or fluids into otherconfined areas of the body. Furthermore, they are incapable of injectingalready-formed gelled materials.

Moreover, such known electronic systems do not include desired controlover the velocity, flow rate, and/or force with which the compositionsare delivered. Known systems that use an energy storage device (e.g.,spring, electromechanical device, etc.) are designed for high volumedelivery (e.g., greater than 1 mL) and may also deliver the product at aforce that causes damage to target tissue. For example, a high ratedelivery or large delivery force may scar or tear the target tissue; theoverall safety and efficacy of the product is thus impacted. Such knownsystems may also deliver the underlying components too quickly such thatthe resulting biomaterial product to be delivered is not formed in thedelivery system, but rather within or on the body tissue.

Known systems and methods of delivery also do not contemplate using asingle cartridge for two distinct delivery operations, such as may bethe case for procedures associated with symmetrical portions of theanatomy (i.e., where the procedure includes delivery to two targetlocations). For example, procedures in the reproductive health orreconstructive/plastic surgery may require delivery or implantation ofbiomaterials to two similar, contralateral, or related locations. Manyknown systems for delivering biomaterials are one-time use devices orcartridges and are not suitable for executing a precise and controlleddelivery of a second micro-volume of a delivered biomaterial implantfrom the same cartridge.

Many known delivery systems and methods include a “priming” operation toprepare the components for delivery by removing dead volume, expellingundesirable air, and the like. Many known systems and methods includeperforming such priming operations with the delivery member (e.g., aneedle) attached to the delivery device to remove excess air or fluidfrom the system before delivery. Such known methods, however, are notapplicable when the components are formulated to be reacted within thedelivery member in a short time period during delivery (i.e., to ensurethat the delivered biomaterial product is formed upon being delivered).For example, conventional methods of priming may result in undesirablereactions that clog or otherwise compromise the delivery member prior tothe actual delivery step. Such known methods and devices also do notsupport or contemplate procedures that perform a second priming functionwhere two distinct delivery operations using a single cartridge isdesired, as described above.

Moreover, such known systems and methods of priming do not accommodatemethods for delivering a priming fluid into certain target locationsimmediately prior to delivery of the biomaterial product. Specifically,because known methods of priming are often aimed at eliminating air orother fluids, they do not allow for delivery of a priming fluid.Delivery of a priming fluid with a different echogenicity than thebiomaterial can improve monitoring and tracking of the biomaterialduring an operation. The priming fluid can also include other propertiesto prepare (e.g., pressurize, lubricate, cleanse, sterilize, assist incross-linking) a target site for the delivery of the biomaterials.

Thus, a need exists for devices and methods for delivering biomaterialsfor medical procedures where a controlled rate and volume of thebiomaterials is desired. More specifically, a need exists for devicesand methods for controlled delivery of a formed hydrogel to a targetsite of a body where a controlled micro-volume is desired (e.g., 0.001mL to 1 mL, or 1 μL-1,000 μL of volume). A need also exists to controlthe rate of delivery and total delivered amount of hydrogel to thetarget site in order to prevent or minimize damage to the target siteand to ensure the amount delivered is safe and effective for occludingor embolizing the target site. A need exists for devices and methods forapplying a controlled automated or semi-automated delivery force toreplace inconsistent manual forces currently applied on hand deliverydevices. A need further exists for devices and methods that support twodistinct delivery operations in a single procedure from a singlecartridge of components forming the hydrogel. A need also exists fordelivery of a priming fluid prior to delivery of the formed hydrogel.

SUMMARY

Delivery devices for forming and delivering biomaterials from twocomponents are described herein. In particular, apparatus and methodsfor performing controlled delivery of biomaterials into or onto a bodypart, such as a body lumen are described. More specifically, in someembodiments, the apparatus and methods are directed towards controlleddelivery of micro-volumes, defined as 0.001 mL-1 mL (or 1 μL-1,000 μL)of volume (mL and cc are used interchangeably). However, one skilled inthe art would appreciate that the apparatus and methods may also be usedto perform controlled delivery of volumes greater than 1,000 μL.

In some embodiments, an apparatus includes a housing and a driveassembly. The housing is configured to receive at least a portion of acontainer assembly. The container assembly includes a first containercontaining a first component, a second container containing a secondcomponent, a first plunger, and a second plunger. The first and secondcontainers are configured to be coupled to a connector. The driveassembly is configured to couple to the container assembly. The driveassembly is configured to move the first plunger within the firstcontainer to convey a portion of the first component from the firstcontainer and to move the second plunger within the second container toconvey a portion of the second component from the second container. Thedrive assembly is configured to move the first plunger and the secondplunger simultaneously for a time period to dispense the portion of thefirst component and the portion of the second component from theconnector at an exit velocity within a predetermined velocity rangeduring the time period.

In some embodiments, an apparatus includes a housing, a drive assembly,and an electronic control system. The housing is configured to receiveat least a portion of a container assembly. The container assembly isconfigured to couple to a connector. The container assembly contains afirst component and a second component, the first component beingseparate from the second component within the container assembly. Thefirst component is formulated to be crosslinked with the secondcomponent to form a hydrogel. The drive assembly includes anelectromechanical driver and a drive member. The electromechanicaldriver is configured to produce a drive force to move the drive member.The drive member is configured to engage the container assembly suchthat movement of the drive member causes a portion of the firstcomponent and a portion of the second component to be conveyed from thecontainer assembly to the connector. The electronic control systemincludes a sensor and a drive module. The sensor is configured toproduce a feedback signal associated with at least one of a position ofthe drive member, a velocity of the drive member, an acceleration of thedrive member, or the drive force. The drive module is implemented in atleast one of a memory or a processing device of the electronic controlsystem. The drive module is configured to receive the feedback signaland produce, based on the feedback signal, a drive signal to maintainthe drive force below a drive force threshold.

In some embodiments, an apparatus includes a housing, a drive assembly,and an electronic control system. The housing is configured to receiveat least a portion of a container assembly. The container assembly isconfigured to be coupled to a connector. The container assembly containsa first component and a second component, the first component beingseparate from the second component within the container assembly. Thefirst component is formulated to crosslink with the second component toform a hydrogel. The drive assembly includes an electromechanical driverand a drive member. The electromechanical driver is configured toproduce a drive force to move the drive member. The drive member isconfigured to be operatively coupled to the container assembly such thatmovement of the drive member causes a portion of the first component anda portion of the second component to be conveyed from the containerassembly to the connector. The electronic control system includes asensor and a drive module. The sensor is configured to produce afeedback signal associated with at least one of a position of the drivemember, a velocity of the drive member, an acceleration of the drivemember, or the drive force. The drive module is implemented in at leastone of a memory or a processing device of the electronic control system.The drive module is configured to receive the feedback signal andproduce, based on the feedback signal, a drive signal to maintain thevelocity of the drive member within a predetermined velocity range.

In some embodiments, an apparatus includes a housing, a drive assembly,and an electronic control system. The housing is configured to receiveat least a portion of a container assembly. The container assemblyincludes a first container containing a first component and a secondcontainer containing a second component. The first container and thesecond container are configured to couple to a connector. The driveassembly includes a driver and a drive member. The driver is configuredto produce a drive force to move the drive member. The drive member isconfigured to be operatively coupled to a first plunger and a secondplunger such that movement of the drive member causes the first plungerto move within the first container to convey a portion of the firstcomponent from the first container and the second plunger to move withinthe second container to convey a portion of the second component fromthe second container. The electronic control system is within thehousing. The electronic control system includes a first user input, asecond user input, and a drive module. The drive module is implementedin at least one of a memory or a processing device of the electroniccontrol system. The drive module is configured to produce a prime signalto cause the drive member to move a prime distance when the first userinput is actuated. The drive module is configured to produce aninjection signal to cause the drive member to move an injection distancewhen the second user input is actuated. The injection distance isassociated with a predetermined delivered volume of the first componentand the second component.

In some embodiments, an apparatus includes a first syringe assembly, asecond syringe assembly, and a cartridge. The first syringe assemblyincludes a first syringe body and a first plunger movably disposedwithin the first syringe body. The first syringe body includes a firstflange. The second syringe assembly includes a second syringe body and asecond plunger movably disposed within the second syringe body. Thesecond syringe body includes a second flange. The cartridge isconfigured to be removably coupled to a delivery device. The deliverydevice includes a drive assembly configured to move the first plungerwithin the first syringe body to convey a first component from the firstsyringe body and to move the second plunger within the second syringebody to convey a portion of the second component from the second syringebody. The cartridge defines a flange slot and includes a first retainer,a second retainer, and an engagement portion. The first retainer isconfigured to retain the first syringe body to the cartridge. The secondretainer is configured to retain the second syringe to the cartridge.The flange slot is configured to receive the first flange and the secondflange. The engagement portion is configured to engage a retainer of thedelivery device to couple the cartridge to the delivery device in afixed position relative to a home position associated with the driveassembly.

In some embodiments, a method of delivering a composition includescoupling an inlet of a connector to a container assembly. The containerassembly includes a first component and a second component separate fromthe first component. The method includes priming the connector byconveying a first portion of the first component from the containerassembly to a first outlet of the connector and conveying a firstportion of the second component from the container assembly to a secondoutlet of the connector. The method includes coupling, after thepriming, a delivery member to the connector to place the first outlet ofthe connector and the second outlet of the connector in fluidcommunication with a mixing volume defined by the delivery member. Themethod includes conveying, after the coupling the delivery member, asecond portion of the first component and a second portion of the secondcomponent into the mixing volume. The second portion of the firstcomponent crosslinks with the second portion of the second component toform a hydrogel within the delivery member. The method includesconveying the hydrogel out of the delivery member via an outlet portionof the delivery member.

In some embodiments, a method of delivering a composition includescoupling a container assembly to a delivery device. The containerassembly includes a first component and a second component separate fromthe first component. The delivery device includes a drive assembly. Themethod includes inserting a first delivery member into a first bodylumen. The method includes coupling, after the inserting the firstdelivery member, the first delivery member to the container assembly.The method includes actuating the delivery device to cause the driveassembly to produce a first drive force to convey a first portion of thefirst component and a first portion of the second component from thecontainer assembly and through the first delivery member. The firstcomponent crosslinks with the second component to form a first hydrogelwithin the first delivery member, and the first hydrogel is conveyedinto the first body lumen. The method includes decoupling, after theactuating, the first delivery member from the container assembly. Themethod includes inserting a second delivery member into a second bodylumen. The method includes coupling, after the inserting the seconddelivery member, the second delivery member to the container assembly.The method includes actuating the delivery device to cause the driveassembly to produce a second drive force to convey a second portion ofthe first component and a second portion of the second component fromthe container assembly and through the second delivery member. The firstcomponent crosslinks with the second component to form a second hydrogelwithin the second delivery member, and the second hydrogel beingconveyed into the second body lumen.

In some embodiments, a method of delivering a composition to a bodylumen within a body includes inserting an outlet portion of a deliverymember into the body lumen. A coupling portion of the delivery member isoutside of the body. The method includes coupling, after the inserting,a container assembly to the coupling portion of the delivery member. Thecontainer assembly includes a first component and a second component.The coupling is performed such that a bolus of air is retained within atleast a portion of the delivery member. The method includes conveyingthe first component and the second component into the delivery member.The first component crosslinks with the second component to form ahydrogel within the delivery member. The conveying the first componentand the second component into the delivery member causes the bolus ofair to be delivered into the body lumen via the outlet portion of thedelivery member. The method includes conveying, after the conveying thefirst component and the second component into the delivery member, thehydrogel into the body lumen via the outlet portion of the deliverymember.

In some embodiments, a method of delivering a composition includeconveying a first component stored in a first chamber of a containerassembly to a first inlet of a connector coupled to the containerassembly. The method includes conveying a second component stored in asecond chamber of the container assembly to a second inlet portion ofthe connector. The method includes conveying the first component and thesecond component through an outlet portion the connector, into a mixingvolume of a delivery member, and through the delivery member. Thedelivery member is removably coupled to the connector. The firstcomponent crosslinks with the second component to form a hydrogel withinthe delivery member such that the conveying the first component and thesecond component through the outlet portion causes the hydrogel to beconveyed out of an exit opening of the delivery member.

The description below and the accompanying figures will provide greaterdetails on the various systems, methods and devices for deliveringbiomaterials.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1 and 2 are schematic illustrations of a portion of a deliverysystem according to an embodiment.

FIGS. 3 and 4 are plots showing sample velocity profiles of thebiomaterial components during use of the delivery system of FIG. 2.

FIG. 5 is schematic illustration of a portion of the delivery systemshown in FIGS. 1 and 2 inserted into a body lumen according to anembodiment.

FIG. 6 is a schematic illustration of the delivery system of FIG. 5delivering biomaterial components to the body lumen.

FIG. 7 is a schematic illustration of the biomaterial components placedwithin the body lumen after the delivery system of FIG. 5 has beenwithdrawn from the body lumen.

FIG. 8 is schematic illustration of a delivery system including a body,a connector, a drive assembly, and an electronic control systemaccording to an embodiment.

FIG. 9 is schematic illustration of the delivery system in FIG. 8 withthe connector coupled to the body.

FIG. 10 is a plot showing a sample force profile of the biomaterialcomponents during use of the delivery system of FIG. 9.

FIG. 11 is a flow chart of a method of conveying first and secondcomponents from a container assembly to form a hydrogel according to anembodiment.

FIG. 12 is a schematic diagram showing a side view of a deliveryapparatus according to an embodiment.

FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram showing a cross-sectional, side view ofthe delivery apparatus of FIG. 12.

FIG. 14 is a schematic diagram showing a cross-sectional, top view of adelivery apparatus of FIG. 12.

FIG. 15 is a schematic diagram of a container showing various operatingpositions and travel of a plunger of a delivery apparatus according toan embodiment.

FIG. 16 is a top view of a portion of a delivery system according to anembodiment.

FIG. 17 is a side cross-sectional view of the delivery system of FIG.16.

FIG. 18 is an exploded view of a container assembly and a connectoraccording to an embodiment.

FIG. 19 is a perspective view of the connector of FIG. 18 showing acoupler for removably coupling to a delivery member.

FIG. 20 is a perspective view of the connector of FIG. 19 with thecoupler removed.

FIG. 21 is a top view of portion of a cartridge for holding thecontainer assembly of the delivery system shown in FIG. 18.

FIG. 22 is a top view of the container assembly and connector of FIG. 18installed on the cartridge of FIG. 21.

FIGS. 23-24 are side cross-sectional views of the cartridge, containerassembly, and connector of FIG. 22 being installed onto the deliverysystem of FIG. 17.

FIG. 25 is a side cross-sectional view of the cartridge, containerassembly, and connector installed onto the delivery system of FIG. 17.

FIG. 26 is a top view of the cartridge, container assembly, andconnector installed onto the delivery system of FIG. 17.

FIG. 27 is a perspective view of a connector and a delivery memberaccording to an embodiment.

FIG. 28 is a perspective view of a delivery member mounted ontoconnector of the delivery system of FIG. 17 according to an embodiment.

FIG. 29 is a side cross-sectional view of the delivery system of FIG.28, after delivery of the components from the container assembly.

FIG. 30 is a top view of the delivery system of FIG. 28, after deliveryof the components from the container assembly.

FIG. 31 is a partial side cross-sectional view of the cartridge,container assembly, and connector in the delivery system of FIG. 28after having been removed from the delivery device.

FIG. 32 is a flow chart of a method of delivering a hydrogel accordingto an embodiment.

FIG. 33 is a flow chart of a method of delivering a hydrogel accordingto an embodiment.

FIG. 34 is a schematic diagram showing an insertion of a delivery memberinto a body lumen according to an embodiment.

FIG. 35 is a schematic diagram showing a coupling of the delivery memberin FIG. 34 to a connector attached to a container assembly according toan embodiment.

FIG. 36 is a schematic diagram showing delivery of biomaterialcomponents to the body lumen via the connector and delivery member ofFIG. 35.

FIG. 37 is a flow chart of a method of delivering a hydrogel into a bodylumen according to an embodiment.

FIGS. 38 and 39 are partial cross-sectional views of a vas deferens andan interior body lumen thereof in various stages during the method shownin FIG. 37.

FIG. 40 is a graph showing the accuracy and precision of plug volumeextruded from an automated delivery apparatus, according to anembodiment, versus that produced by a free-hand delivery apparatus.

FIG. 41 is a graph showing the target and resulting plug volume using adelivery apparatus according to an embodiment, such as an automateddelivery apparatus.

FIG. 42 is a graph showing extruded and immobile plug lengths formedusing a delivery apparatus according to an embodiment, such as anautomated delivery apparatus.

FIG. 43 is a side view of a delivery system according to an embodiment.

FIG. 44 is a rear perspective view of the delivery system of FIG. 43illustrating user operated buttons.

FIG. 45 is a front perspective view of the delivery system of FIG. 43illustrating a cover in an open position.

FIG. 46 is an orthographic view of the delivery system of FIG. 43.

FIG. 47 is a side view of a delivery system according to an embodiment.

FIG. 48 is a rear perspective view of the delivery system of FIG. 47illustrating user operated buttons.

FIG. 49 is a front perspective view of the delivery system of FIG. 47illustrating a container assembly detached from a housing.

FIG. 50A is a front perspective view of the delivery system of FIG. 47illustrating a container assembly secured to a housing.

FIG. 50B is a rear perspective view of the delivery system of FIG. 47illustrating a container assembly secured to a housing.

FIG. 51A is a front perspective view of the delivery system of FIG. 47illustrating a container assembly secured to a housing.

FIG. 51B is a rear perspective view of the delivery system of FIG. 47.

FIG. 52 is an orthographic view of the delivery system of FIG. 47.

FIG. 53 is a side view of a delivery system according to an embodiment.

FIG. 54 is a rear perspective view of the delivery system of FIG. 53illustrating a power button and status indicators.

FIG. 55 is a front perspective view of the delivery system of FIG. 53illustrating a container assembly detached from a housing.

FIG. 56 is an orthographic view of the delivery system of FIG. 53.

FIG. 57 is a cross-sectional view of a normal canine vas deferens.

FIG. 58 is a cross-sectional view of a canine vas deferens after aninjection event.

FIG. 59 is an external image of a canine vas deferens after an injectionevent.

FIG. 60 is an external image of a rabbit vas deferens after an injectionevent.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In some embodiments, an apparatus includes a housing and a driveassembly. The housing is configured to receive at least a portion of acontainer assembly. The container assembly includes a first containercontaining a first component, a second container containing a secondcomponent, a first plunger, and a second plunger. The first and secondcontainers are configured to be coupled to a connector. The driveassembly is configured to couple to the container assembly. The driveassembly is configured to move the first plunger within the firstcontainer to convey a portion of the first component from the firstcontainer and to move the second plunger within the second container toconvey a portion of the second component from the second container. Thedrive assembly is configured to move the first plunger and the secondplunger simultaneously for a time period to dispense the portion of thefirst component and the portion of the second component from theconnector at an exit velocity within a predetermined velocity rangeduring the time period.

In some embodiments, the predetermined velocity range is bounded by anupper velocity threshold and a lower velocity threshold. In someembodiments, the upper velocity threshold and the lower velocitythreshold are such that a delivered volume of the portion of the firstcomponent and the portion of the second component is within a deliveredvolume range. In some embodiments, the delivered range is between about5 microliters and about 1000 microliters. In some embodiments, lowervelocity threshold is above zero.

In some embodiments, the drive assembly includes an electromechanicaldriver, a drive member, and an electronic control system. The drivemember is configured to engage with the plunger assembly, and movementof the drive member is configured to move the first plunger and thesecond plunger. The electromechanical driver is configured to produce adrive force to move the drive member. The electronic control system isconfigured to control a drive member velocity to maintain the exitvelocity within the predetermined velocity range during the time period.

In some embodiments, the electronic control system includes a sensor anda drive module. The sensor is configured to produce a feedback signalassociated with at least one of a position of the drive member, avelocity of the drive member, an acceleration of the drive member, or adrive force applied via the drive member. The drive module isimplemented in at least one of a memory or a processing device of theelectronic control system. The drive module is configured to receive thefeedback signal and produce, based on the feedback signal, a drivesignal that adjusts a power applied to the electromechanical driver. Insome embodiments, electronic control system is configured to maintainthe drive force applied by the drive member on the plunger assemblybelow a force threshold. In some embodiments, the drive module isconfigured to produce an error signal when the power applied to theelectromechanical driver exceeds a power threshold. In some embodiments,the force threshold is between about 0.1 Newtons and about 45 Newtons.

In some embodiments, the drive assembly includes at least one of alinear motor drive system, a screw drive system, a magnetic linear drivesystem, a rack and pinion drive system, or a pneumatic drive system. Insome embodiments, the drive assembly includes an anti-backlashmechanism. The anti-backlash mechanism includes one or more of ananti-backlash gear, a selectively engageable spring mechanism, a dampermechanism, or a ratchet mechanism.

In some embodiments, the container assembly includes a cartridgeincluding an engagement portion. The cartridge is configured to coupleto the first container and the second container. The housing includes acontainer portion configured to receive the cartridge. The containerportion includes a retainer configured to engage the engagement portionof the cartridge to removably retain the cartridge and the containerassembly within the container portion of the housing in a fixed positionrelative to a home position associated with the drive assembly. In someembodiments, the engagement portion of the cartridge is a firstengagement portion. The cartridge including a second engagement portionand the retainer of the container portion is a first retainer. Thecontainer portion includes a second retainer configured to engage thesecond engagement portion of the cartridge to inhibit movement of thecontainer assembly relative to the housing in at least two directions.In some embodiments, at least one of the first retainer, the firstengagement portion, the second retainer, or the second engagementportion is configured to deform to allow the cartridge to be removedfrom the container portion of the housing. In some embodiments, thecontainer portion of the housing defines a container volume within whichthe cartridge is received. The apparatus further includes a cover. Thecover is configured to move relative to the housing between a firstposition and a second position. The container volume is covered when thecover is in the first position, and the container volume is exposed whenthe cover is in the second position.

In some embodiments, the first component and the second component areeach water soluble components. In some embodiments, the first componentand the second component are capable of crosslinking to form thehydrogel. In some embodiments, the hydrogel formed by crosslinking thefirst component and the second component is at least 90 percent water.In some embodiments, the first component is characterized by having afirst viscosity. The second component is characterized by a secondviscosity, and the second viscosity is within 25 percent of the firstviscosity. In some embodiments, the hydrogel formed by crosslinking thefirst component and the second component has a gelation time of lessthan 5 minutes.

In some embodiments, an apparatus includes a housing, a drive assembly,and an electronic control system. The housing is configured to receiveat least a portion of a container assembly. The container assembly isconfigured to couple to a connector. The container assembly contains afirst component and a second component, the first component beingseparate from the second component within the container assembly. Thefirst component is formulated to be crosslinked with the secondcomponent to form a hydrogel. The drive assembly includes anelectromechanical driver and a drive member. The electromechanicaldriver is configured to produce a drive force to move the drive member.The drive member is configured to engage the container assembly suchthat movement of the drive member causes a portion of the firstcomponent and a portion of the second component to be conveyed from thecontainer assembly to the connector. The electronic control systemincludes a sensor and a drive module. The sensor is configured toproduce a feedback signal associated with at least one of a position ofthe drive member, a velocity of the drive member, an acceleration of thedrive member, or the drive force. The drive module is implemented in atleast one of a memory or a processing device of the electronic controlsystem. The drive module is configured to receive the feedback signaland produce, based on the feedback signal, a drive signal to maintainthe drive force below a drive force threshold.

In some embodiments, the container assembly includes at least onecontainer containing at least one of the first component or the secondcomponent. The container includes an elastomeric member to seal thefirst component or the second component within the container. The drivemember is configured to move the elastomeric member within the containerto convey at least one of the portion of the first component or theportion of the second component to the connector. The electromechanicaldriver is configured to produce a breakaway force for a first timeperiod to initiate movement of the elastomeric member within thecontainer. The drive force is produced for a second time period afterthe first time period. In some embodiments, the drive module isconfigured to produce, based on the feedback signal, the drive signal tomaintain the breakaway force below a breakaway force threshold and thedrive force below the drive force threshold. In some embodiments, thedrive module is configured to produce the drive signal to maintain thevelocity of the drive member within a predetermined velocity rangeduring the second time period. In some embodiments, the drive module isconfigured to produce a completion signal to remove power applied to theelectromechanical driver.

In some embodiments, the drive module is configured to produce an errorsignal when the drive force exceeds the drive force threshold. In someembodiments, the electronic control system includes an output device.The error signal causes the output device to produce at least one of avisual, audible, or tactile output. Additionally, the error signalcauses a reduction in power applied to the electromechanical driver.

In some embodiments, the drive force threshold is between about 7Newtons and about 12 Newtons. In some embodiments, the sensor isconfigured to measure at least one of a current or a voltage supplied tothe electromechanical driver. The drive module is configured todetermine the drive force based on the current or the voltage suppliedto the electromechanical driver. The drive module is configured toproduce the drive signal to adjust the current or the voltage.

In some embodiments, the sensor is a first sensor, the feedback signalis a first feedback signal, and the drive force threshold is a firstdrive force threshold. The electronic control system includes a secondsensor configured to produce a second feedback signal indicating whetherthe connector is coupled to the container assembly. The drive module isconfigured to produce the drive signal to maintain the drive force belowthe first drive force threshold when the second feedback signalindicates that the connector is not coupled to the container assemblyand below a second drive force threshold when the second feedback signalindicates that the connector is coupled to the container assembly. Insome embodiments, the apparatus includes the connector. The connector isany one of an adapter, a y-connector, or a connector of a deliverymember.

In some embodiments, an apparatus includes a housing, a drive assembly,and an electronic control system. The housing is configured to receiveat least a portion of a container assembly. The container assembly isconfigured to be coupled to a connector. The container assembly containsa first component and a second component, the first component beingseparate from the second component within the container assembly. Thefirst component is formulated to crosslink with the second component toform a hydrogel. The drive assembly includes an electromechanical driverand a drive member. The electromechanical driver is configured toproduce a drive force to move the drive member. The drive member isconfigured to be operatively coupled to the container assembly such thatmovement of the drive member causes a portion of the first component anda portion of the second component to be conveyed from the containerassembly to the connector. The electronic control system includes asensor and a drive module. The sensor is configured to produce afeedback signal associated with at least one of a position of the drivemember, a velocity of the drive member, an acceleration of the drivemember, or the drive force. The drive module is implemented in at leastone of a memory or a processing device of the electronic control system.The drive module is configured to receive the feedback signal andproduce, based on the feedback signal, a drive signal to maintain thevelocity of the drive member within a predetermined velocity range. Insome embodiments, the drive module is configured to produce the drivesignal to adjust one of a current or a voltage supplied to theelectromechanical driver.

In some embodiments, an apparatus includes a housing, a drive assembly,and an electronic control system. The housing is configured to receiveat least a portion of a container assembly. The container assemblyincludes a first container containing a first component and a secondcontainer containing a second component. The first container and thesecond container are configured to couple to a connector. The driveassembly includes a driver and a drive member. The driver is configuredto produce a drive force to move the drive member. The drive member isconfigured to be operatively coupled to a first plunger and a secondplunger such that movement of the drive member causes the first plungerto move within the first container to convey a portion of the firstcomponent from the first container and the second plunger to move withinthe second container to convey a portion of the second component fromthe second container. The electronic control system is within thehousing. The electronic control system includes a first user input, asecond user input, and a drive module. The drive module is implementedin at least one of a memory or a processing device of the electroniccontrol system. The drive module is configured to produce a prime signalto cause the drive member to move a prime distance when the first userinput is actuated. The drive module is configured to produce aninjection signal to cause the drive member to move an injection distancewhen the second user input is actuated. The injection distance isassociated with a predetermined delivered volume of the first componentand the second component.

In some embodiments, the electronic control system includes an outputdevice. The drive module is configured to produce an error signal on thecondition that the second user input is actuated without the first userinput having been actuated. The error signal causes the output device toproduce any one of a visual, audible, or tactile output. In someembodiments, the error signal disables the injection signal.

In some embodiments, the electronic control system includes a sensor andan output device. The sensor is configured to produce a feedback signalindicating whether the connector is coupled to the container assembly.The drive module is configured to produce an error signal when thefeedback signal indicates that the connector is not coupled to thecontainer assembly. The error signal causes the output device to produceany one of a visual, audible, or tactile output. In some embodiments,the error signal disables at least one of the prime signal or theinjection signal.

In some embodiments, the prime signal is a first prime signal and theprime distance is a first prime distance. The drive module is configuredto produce the first prime signal to cause the drive member to move thefirst prime distance when the first user input is actuated at a firsttime. The drive module configured to produce a second prime signal tocause the drive member to move a second prime distance when the firstuser input is actuated at a second time, the second prime distance beingdifferent from the first prime distance.

In some embodiments, the electronic control system includes a sensorconfigured to produce a feedback signal associated with at least one ofa position of the drive member, a velocity of the drive member, anacceleration of the drive member, or the drive force. The drive moduleis configured to receive the feedback signal and adjust, based on thefeedback signal, the injection signal to maintain the velocity of thedrive member within a predetermined velocity range.

In some embodiments, the electronic control system includes a sensorconfigured to produce a feedback signal associated with at least one ofa position of the drive member, a velocity of the drive member, anacceleration of the drive member, or the drive force. The drive moduleis configured to receive the feedback signal and adjust, based on thefeedback signal, the injection signal to maintain the drive force belowa drive force threshold.

In some embodiments, an apparatus includes a first syringe assembly, asecond syringe assembly, and a cartridge. The first syringe assemblyincludes a first syringe body and a first plunger movably disposedwithin the first syringe body. The first syringe body includes a firstflange. The second syringe assembly includes a second syringe body and asecond plunger movably disposed within the second syringe body. Thesecond syringe body includes a second flange. The cartridge isconfigured to be removably coupled to a delivery device. The deliverydevice includes a drive assembly configured to move the first plungerwithin the first syringe body to convey a first component from the firstsyringe body and to move the second plunger within the second syringebody to convey a portion of the second component from the second syringebody. The cartridge defines a flange slot and includes a first retainer,a second retainer, and an engagement portion. The first retainer isconfigured to retain the first syringe body to the cartridge. The secondretainer is configured to retain the second syringe to the cartridge.The flange slot is configured to receive the first flange and the secondflange. The engagement portion is configured to engage a retainer of thedelivery device to couple the cartridge to the delivery device in afixed position relative to a home position associated with the driveassembly.

In some embodiments, the retainer of the delivery device is a firstretainer and the engagement portion of the cartridge is a firstengagement portion. The cartridge includes a second engagement portionconfigured to engage a second retainer of the delivery device to inhibitmovement of the cartridge relative to the delivery device. In someembodiments, the apparatus further includes a plunger link configured tobe coupled to an end of the first plunger and an end of the secondplunger. The plunger link includes a contact surface against which thedrive assembly of the delivery device exerts a drive force to move thefirst plunger within the first syringe body and the second plungerwithin the second syringe body. In some embodiments, the apparatusfurther includes a connector having a first inlet, a second inlet, andan outlet. The first inlet is configured to couple to a tip of the firstsyringe body. The second inlet is configured to couple to a tip of thesecond syringe body. The outlet of the connector is configured to beremovably coupled to a delivery member.

In some embodiments, a method of delivering a composition includescoupling an inlet of a connector to a container assembly. The containerassembly includes a first component and a second component separate fromthe first component. The method includes priming the connector byconveying a first portion of the first component from the containerassembly to a first outlet of the connector and conveying a firstportion of the second component from the container assembly to a secondoutlet of the connector. The method includes coupling, after thepriming, a delivery member to the connector to place the first outlet ofthe connector and the second outlet of the connector in fluidcommunication with a mixing volume defined by the delivery member. Themethod includes conveying, after the coupling the delivery member, asecond portion of the first component and a second portion of the secondcomponent into the mixing volume. The second portion of the firstcomponent crosslinks with the second portion of the second component toform a hydrogel within the delivery member. The method includesconveying the hydrogel out of the delivery member via an outlet portionof the delivery member.

In some embodiments, the container assembly includes a first containercontaining the first component and a second container containing thesecond component, the second container separate from the firstcontainer. The coupling the inlet of the connector to the containerassembly includes connecting a first inlet of the connector to the firstcontainer and a second inlet of the connector to the second container.

In some embodiments, the delivery member is a first delivery member andthe hydrogel is a first hydrogel. The method includes removing the firstdelivery member from the connector. The method includes priming theconnector, after removing the first delivery member, by conveying athird portion of the first component to the first outlet of theconnector and conveying a third portion of the second component to thesecond outlet of the connector. The method includes coupling a seconddelivery member to the connector to place the first outlet and thesecond outlet in fluid communication with a second mixing volume definedby the second delivery member. The method includes conveying a fourthportion of the first component and a fourth portion of the secondcomponent to the second mixing volume, the fourth portion of the firstcomponent crosslinking with the fourth portion of the second componentto form a hydrogel in the second mixing volume. In some embodiments, thedelivery member is any one of a catheter, needle, or over-the-needlecatheter.

In some embodiments, the method includes conveying the second hydrogelout of the second delivery member via an outlet portion of the seconddelivery member. In some embodiments, the conveying of the firsthydrogel out of the first delivery member includes conveying thehydrogel to a first body lumen. The conveying of the second hydrogel outof the second delivery member includes conveying the hydrogel to asecond body lumen, the second body lumen being different from the firstbody lumen.

In some embodiments, the conveying of the hydrogel out of the deliverymember includes conveying the hydrogel to a body lumen. In someembodiments, the body lumen is one of an artery, vein, capillary,vessel, tissue, intra-organ space, lymphatic vessel, vas deferens,epididymis, fallopian tube, duct, bile duct, hepatic duct, cystic duct,pancreatic duct, parotid duct, organ, uterus, prostate, organ of agastrointestinal tract or circulatory system or respiratory system ornervous system, subcutaneous space, intramuscular space, or interstitialspace. In some embodiments, the hydrogel conveyed to the body lumen atleast partially occludes the body lumen. In some embodiments, theconveying the hydrogel out of the delivery member is performed in lessthan 30 seconds. In some embodiments, the conveying the hydrogel out ofthe delivery member includes conveying between about 50 microliters andabout 200 microliters in between about 5 seconds and about 20 seconds.

In some embodiments, the conveying of the second portion of the firstcomponent and the second portion of the second component to the mixingvolume of the delivery member includes conveying equal parts of thesecond portion of the first component and the second portion of thesecond component.

In some embodiment, the conveying of the second portion of the firstcomponent and the second portion of the second component to the mixingvolume of the delivery member is performed by an electromechanicaldriver of a drive assembly of a delivery device. In some embodiments,the delivery device includes an electronic control system. The conveyingthe hydrogel out of the delivery member includes producing via theelectronic control system a drive signal that controls theelectromechanical driver to maintain an exit force of the hydrogel beingconveyed out of the delivery member below an exit force threshold. Insome embodiments, the delivery device includes an electronic controlsystem. The conveying of the hydrogel out of the delivery member isperformed over a time period to produce a delivered volume of thehydrogel. The conveying of the second portion of the first component andthe second portion of the second component into the mixing volume andthe conveying the hydrogel out of the delivery member includes producingvia the electronic control system a drive signal that controls theelectromechanical driver to maintain a velocity of the hydrogel withinthe delivery member within a predetermined velocity range during thetime period. In some embodiments, the priming of the connector includesenergizing the electromechanical driver to actuate a plunger assemblycoupled to the container assembly.

In some embodiments, the coupling of the delivery member is performedsuch that a bolus of air is within the mixing volume. The conveying ofthe hydrogel out of the delivery member includes conveying the hydrogelto a body lumen. The conveying of the second portion of the firstcomponent and the second portion of the second component into the mixingvolume causes the bolus of air to be delivered into the body lumenbefore the hydrogel is conveyed to the body lumen. In some embodiments,the coupling of the delivery member is performed such that a bolus ofair is within the mixing volume. The conveying of the hydrogel out ofthe delivery member includes conveying the hydrogel to a body lumen. Theconveying of the second portion of the first component and the secondportion of the second component into the mixing volume causes the bolusof air to be delivered into the body lumen before the hydrogel isconveyed to the body lumen. In some embodiments, the coupling of thedelivery member is performed such that a bolus of air is within themixing volume. The conveying of the hydrogel out of the delivery memberincludes conveying the hydrogel to a body lumen. The conveying of thesecond portion of the first component and the second portion of thesecond component into the mixing volume causes the bolus of air to bedelivered into the body lumen before the hydrogel is conveyed to thebody lumen. In some embodiments, the second portion of the firstcomponent crosslinks with the second portion of the second component toform the hydrogel in less than 60 seconds.

In some embodiments, a method of delivering a composition includescoupling a container assembly to a delivery device. The containerassembly includes a first component and a second component separate fromthe first component. The delivery device includes a drive assembly. Themethod includes inserting a first delivery member into a first bodylumen. The method includes coupling, after the inserting the firstdelivery member, the first delivery member to the container assembly.The method includes actuating the delivery device to cause the driveassembly to produce a first drive force to convey a first portion of thefirst component and a first portion of the second component from thecontainer assembly and through the first delivery member. The firstcomponent crosslinks with the second component to form a first hydrogelwithin the first delivery member, and the first hydrogel is conveyedinto the first body lumen. The method includes decoupling, after theactuating, the first delivery member from the container assembly. Themethod includes inserting a second delivery member into a second bodylumen. The method includes coupling, after the inserting the seconddelivery member, the second delivery member to the container assembly.The method includes actuating the delivery device to cause the driveassembly to produce a second drive force to convey a second portion ofthe first component and a second portion of the second component fromthe container assembly and through the second delivery member. The firstcomponent crosslinks with the second component to form a second hydrogelwithin the second delivery member, and the second hydrogel beingconveyed into the second body lumen.

In some embodiments, a method of delivering a composition to a bodylumen within a body includes inserting an outlet portion of a deliverymember into the body lumen. A coupling portion of the delivery member isoutside of the body. The method includes coupling, after the inserting,a container assembly to the coupling portion of the delivery member. Thecontainer assembly includes a first component and a second component.The coupling is performed such that a bolus of air is retained within atleast a portion of the delivery member. The method includes conveyingthe first component and the second component into the delivery member.The first component crosslinks with the second component to form ahydrogel within the delivery member. The conveying the first componentand the second component into the delivery member causes the bolus ofair to be delivered into the body lumen via the outlet portion of thedelivery member. The method includes conveying, after the conveying thefirst component and the second component into the delivery member, thehydrogel into the body lumen via the outlet portion of the deliverymember.

In some embodiments, the bolus of air has a selected volume sufficientto dilate the body lumen before the hydrogel is conveyed into the bodylumen. In some embodiments, the selected volume is between 0.1 mL and 10mL.

In some embodiments, the hydrogel is echogenic and the method includesidentifying the bolus of air via an image of the body lumen, such as byultrasound. In some embodiments, the body lumen is one of an artery,vein, capillary, vessel, tissue, intra-organ space, lymphatic vessel,vas deferens, epididymis, fallopian tube, duct, bile duct, hepatic duct,cystic duct, pancreatic duct, parotid duct, organ, uterus, prostate,organ of a gastrointestinal tract or circulatory system or respiratorysystem or nervous system, subcutaneous space, intramuscular space, orinterstitial space.

In some embodiments, the conveying of the first component and the secondcomponent to the delivery member is performed by an electromechanicaldriver of a drive assembly of a delivery device. In some embodiments,the delivery device includes an electronic control system. The conveyingthe hydrogel into the body lumen includes producing via the electroniccontrol system a drive signal that controls the electromechanical driverto maintain an exit force of the hydrogel being conveyed out of thedelivery member below an exit force threshold. In some embodiments, thedelivery device includes an electronic control system. The conveying ofthe hydrogel into the body lumen is performed over a time period toproduce a delivered volume of the hydrogel. The conveying of the firstcomponent and the second component into the delivery member and theconveying the hydrogel into the body lumen includes producing, via theelectronic control system, a drive signal that controls theelectromechanical driver to maintain a velocity of the hydrogel withinthe delivery member within a predetermined velocity range during thetime period.

In some embodiments, the method includes priming, prior to the couplingof the container assembly to the coupling portion of the deliverymember, an outlet portion of the container assembly by conveying aportion of the first component from the container assembly to a firstoutlet of the container assembly and by conveying a portion the secondcomponent from the container assembly container to a second outlet ofthe container assembly.

In some embodiments, a method of delivering a composition includeconveying a first component stored in a first chamber of a containerassembly to a first inlet of a connector coupled to the containerassembly. The method includes conveying a second component stored in asecond chamber of the container assembly to a second inlet portion ofthe connector. The method includes conveying the first component and thesecond component through an outlet portion the connector, into a mixingvolume of a delivery member, and through the delivery member. Thedelivery member is removably coupled to the connector. The firstcomponent crosslinks with the second component to form a hydrogel withinthe delivery member such that the conveying the first component and thesecond component through the outlet portion causes the hydrogel to beconveyed out of an exit opening of the delivery member.

In some embodiments, the hydrogel is conveyed out of the exit opening ofthe delivery member into a body lumen to at least partially occlude thebody lumen. In some embodiments, the body lumen is one of an artery,vein, capillary, vessel, tissue, intra-organ space, lymphatic vessel,vas deferens, epididymis, fallopian tube, duct, bile duct, hepatic duct,cystic duct, pancreatic duct, parotid duct, organ, uterus, prostate,organ of a gastrointestinal tract or circulatory system or respiratorysystem or nervous system, subcutaneous space, intramuscular space, orinterstitial space.

In some embodiments, the conveying of the first component and the secondcomponent to the mixing volume includes conveying equal parts of thefirst component and the second component.

In some embodiments, the first component and the second component areformulated such that the hydrogel has a gelation time. The conveying ofthe first component and the second component through the outlet portion,into the mixing volume, and through the delivery member is performedwithin a flow rate range that is based on the gelation time such thatthe hydrogel is fully formed within the delivery member before beingconveyed out of the exit opening. In some embodiments, the conveying ofthe first component and the second component through the outlet portion,into the mixing volume, and through the delivery member is performed byan electromechanical driver of a drive assembly of a delivery device.The delivery device includes an electronic control system. The conveyingof the first component and the second component through the outletportion, into the mixing volume, and through the delivery memberincludes producing via the electronic control system a drive signal thatcontrols the electromechanical driver to maintain a velocity of thehydrogel within the delivery member within a predetermined velocityrange. In some embodiments, the conveying of the first component and thesecond component through the outlet portion, into the mixing volume, andthrough the delivery member is performed over a time period to produce adelivered volume of the hydrogel.

In some embodiments, the first component is at least one of a polyvinylalcohol, alginate or modified alginate, chitosan or modified chitosan,polyethyleneimine, carboxymethyl cellulose, and/or polyethylene glycolterminated with a biorthogonal functional group (e.g., amine, thiol,maleimide, azide, activated ester). The second component is at least oneof a water or buffer, water or buffer with divalent cations such ascalcium, a solution of reduced hyaluronic acid, a solution ofpolystyrene sulfonate, a solution of gelatin, and/or polyethylene glycolterminated with a biorthogonal functional group (e.g., amine, thiol,maleimide, azide, activated ester). In some embodiments, polyvinylalcohol, alginate, chitosan, polyethyleneimine, carboxymethyl cellulose,polyethylene glycol terminated with functional groups, divalent cations,reduced hyaluronic acid, polystyrene sulfonate, or gelatin have a weightpercent ranging from about 1 to 30% in solvent. In some embodiments thepolysaccharides may be modified with different functional groups. Insome embodiments the polysaccharides and proteins may range in molecularweight from 10,000-1,000,000 grams/mole. In some embodiments, thepolyvinyl alcohol, polystyrene sulfonate, polyethyleneimine, andpolyethylene glycol may be linear, Y-shaped, 3-arm, 4-arm, 6-arm, or8-arm and range in molecular weight from 1,000-1,000,000 grams/mole.

In some embodiments, an injection device includes a device body, one ormore syringes, a controller, and one or more input devices. The devicebody includes a shaft, a handle, and an injection trigger. Each of theone or more syringes includes a plunger in operable connection with oneor more actuator disposed within the device body. The controller is inoperable connection with the actuator. The one or more input devices arein operable connection with the controller, and the input devices arecapable of priming or injecting fluid inside the one or more syringes.

In some embodiments, the one or more input devices are disposed on anouter portion of the device body. In some embodiments, the one or moresyringes, actuator, and controller are disposed within the device body.The one or more syringes includes two syringes in operable connectionwith the one or more actuator. In some embodiments, one or more or eachplunger is in operable connection with the actuator by way of a piston.

In some embodiments, the injection device includes a connector connectedto the one or more syringes. The connector is a Y-connector connected tothe two syringes. The one or more syringes, actuator, and controller aredisposed within the shaft. In some embodiments, the injection deviceincludes a power supply. In some embodiments, the injection deviceincludes a needle hub disposed at the end of the connector. Theinjection device includes a mixing chamber, optionally disposed betweenthe connector and the needle hub.

In some embodiments, the actuator is a stepper motor or a torque motor.The injection device is capable of injecting micro-volumes in the rangeof 1 μL-1000 μL. The injection device includes a pressure-sensitivesensor in operable connection with the controller and capable of beingactivated by the trigger. The pressure-sensitive sensor is capable ofactivating the controller to send a signal to the actuator to drive thepiston. In some embodiments, the controller comprises a processor and amemory. The memory comprises a set of computer-readable instructionscapable of controlling the rate, acceleration, force, and/or time periodthat the actuator drives the piston. In some embodiments, the rate,acceleration, force, and/or time period that the actuator drives thepiston are programmable. In some embodiments, the injection deviceincludes a user interface capable of programming the injection device,such as the rate, force, and/or time period that the actuator drives thepiston.

In some embodiments, the injection device is capable of adding a solventto a solid in a container to dissolve the solid prior to any injectionsteps. The injection device is capable of degassing liquids. Theinjection device is capable of delivering different volumes in statessuch as gases, liquids, gels, and solids like powders or particulates.The injection device is capable of securing and changing outneedles/catheters from the tip. In some embodiments, the injectiondevice is capable of mixing multiple substances within a singlecontainer and delivering multiple volumes from the container to a targetlocation.

The term “about” when used in connection with a referenced numericindication means the referenced numeric indication plus or minus up to10% of that referenced numeric indication. For example, “about 100”means from 90 to 110.

The term “substantially” when used in connection with, for example, ageometric relationship, a numerical value, and/or a range is intended toconvey that the geometric relationship (or the structures describedthereby), the number, and/or the range so defined is nominally therecited geometric relationship, number, and/or range. For example, twostructures described herein as being “substantially parallel” isintended to convey that, although a parallel geometric relationship isdesirable, some non-parallelism can occur in a “substantially parallel”arrangement. By way of another example, a structure defining a volumethat is “substantially 0.50 milliliters (mL)” is intended to conveythat, while the recited volume is desirable, some tolerances can occurwhen the volume is “substantially” the recited volume (e.g., 0.50 mL).Such tolerances can result from manufacturing tolerances, measurementtolerances, and/or other practical considerations (such as, for example,minute imperfections, age of a structure so defined, a pressure or aforce exerted within a system, and/or the like). As described above, asuitable tolerance can be, for example, of ±10% of the stated geometricconstruction, numerical value, and/or range.

As used herein, the term “biomaterial component” (also referred to as“component”) includes any substance that is used in connection with anyof the systems or delivery devices described herein to form a deliveredbiomaterial product. For example, a component can include a smallmolecule, catalyst, peptide, protein, enzyme, nucleotide (or derivativesof), short chains of nucleotides (or derivatives of), long chains ofnucleotides (or derivatives of), monosaccharides (or derivatives of),disaccharides (or derivatives of), trisaccharides (or derivatives of),oligo saccharides (or derivatives of), polysaccharides (or derivativesof), monomer, oligomer, macromer, or polymer that can be cross-linkedwith another component to form a delivered product (e.g., hydrogel). Acomponent can include a mixture or solution of one or more constituents(e.g., a polymer and a solvent). A component can include suchconstituents regardless of their state of matter (e.g., solid, liquid orgas). A component can include both active constituents and inertconstituents. For example, in some embodiments, a component can includecertain polymers that can form a delivered product, as well as amedicament or other active ingredient. By way of another example, insome embodiments a component can include drugs, including but notlimited to, small molecule drugs and biologics. In other embodiments, acomponent can include certain constituents to impart desired propertiesto the delivered product, including constituents that facilitate thedelivered product being echogenic, radiopaque, radiolucent, or the like.

The term “biomaterial product,” “delivered biomaterial product,” or“delivered product” includes any substance that is delivered by any ofthe systems or delivery devices described herein. For example, adelivered product can a biomaterial that is formed from multiplebiomaterial components and delivered with any of the delivery systemsdescribed herein and then delivered to target locations. Thus, adelivered product can be the implant or structure that is formed withthe system by multiple biomaterial components that react together orassemble into higher order structures via covalent and/or non-covalentbonds, and that is delivered by the system. In certain situations, thebiomaterial can be delivered by the system in a fully formed state to atarget location. Although a delivered product can be considered fullyformed (i.e., the chemical reactions between the biomaterial componentsare completed), it can still undergo certain changes (e.g., in vivochanges) after delivery. For example, a delivered biomaterial productcan continue to absorb water and/or swell and/or can expel impurities.In some embodiments, a delivered biomaterial product can be a hydrogelthat is formed by crosslinking of two or more biomaterial components.The term “hydrogel” can refer to any water-swollen (majority, >50%, ofmaterial mass is water), and cross-linked polymeric network produced bythe reaction of one or more components (e.g., polymers, monomers) and/ora polymeric material that exhibits the ability to swell and retain asignificant fraction of water within its structure, but will notdissolve in water.

As used herein, the term “set” can refer to multiple features or asingular feature with multiple parts. For example, when referring to setof walls, the set of walls can be considered as one wall with multipleportions, or the set of walls can be considered as multiple, distinctwalls. Thus, a monolithically-constructed item can include a set ofwalls. Such a set of walls can include, for example, multiple portionsthat are either continuous or discontinuous from each other. A set ofwalls can also be fabricated from multiple items that are producedseparately and are later joined together (e.g., via a weld, an adhesive,or any suitable method)

FIGS. 1 and 2 are schematic illustrations of a portion of a system 1000(also referred to as a delivery system) according to an embodiment. Asdescribed herein, the system 1000 is configured to convey and combinemultiple biomaterial components that form a biomaterial product that isdelivered to a target location. FIGS. 3 and 4 are plots showing samplevelocity profiles of the biomaterial components during use of the system1000 and FIGS. 5-7 show the system 1000 being used to deliver abiomaterial product 3 (also referred to as the product) to a targetlocation (specifically, within a body lumen L). The system 1000 includesa delivery device 1100, a container assembly 1300, a connector 1400, anda delivery member 1500 (see FIGS. 5 and 6).

The delivery device 1100 includes a housing 1110 and a drive assembly1150. The housing 1110 is configured to receive at least a portion ofthe container assembly 1300. The housing 1110 can also contain the driveassembly 1150. The housing 1110 can be made from any suitable materialor materials and can provide any suitable structural components toreceive and/or retain the portion of the container assembly 1300 andperform any of the functions described herein. For example, in someembodiments, the housing 1110 can be constructed from multiplecomponents that are joined together (e.g., via a hinged joint, amechanical fastener or the like) to surround and/or secure the containerassembly 1300. In some embodiments, for example, the housing 1100 (orany of the housings described herein) can include a movable lid or coverthat can reveal a container portion within which the container assembly1300 can be removably coupled. In use, the lid or cover can be closed tosecure the container assembly 1300 within the housing 1110. In someembodiments, the housing 1100 (or any of the housings described herein)can include a lock member (or set of lock members) that retain thecontainer assembly 1300 within the housing and can prevent prematureand/or undesired removal of the container assembly 1300.

The drive assembly 1150 can be any suitable assembly or mechanism thatproduces a drive force to convey the first biomaterial component 1 (alsoreferred to as the first component), or the second biomaterial component2 (also referred to as the second component), or both the firstcomponent 1 and the second component 2 from the container assembly 1300as described herein. More specifically, the drive assembly 1150 canproduce the drive force and/or convey the components within a desiredvelocity range, force range, and/or range of flow rates. By controllingthe delivery characteristics of the first component 1, the secondcomponent 2, and/or the delivered product 3, the drive assembly 1150 canrepeatably deliver an accurate amount of the delivered product 3 to thetarget location. This, in turn, can lead to more consistent and improvedoutcomes. Controlling the delivery characteristics can also ensure thatany desired reactions between the first component 1 and the secondcomponent 2 (e.g., a cross-linking reaction) are completed within thesystem 1000. Said another way, controlling the delivery characteristicscan ensure that the delivered product 3 is fully formed within thesystem (e.g., the delivery member 1500), thereby ensuring that that thefirst component 1 and the second component 2 are not delivered while theproduct 3 is still yet to be formed (or is only partially formed).Controlling the delivery characteristics can also limit potential damageto the target tissue. Such damage can be caused by delivering animproper amount of the product or delivering the product too fast or ata force that causes tissue damage. Finally, controlling the deliverycharacteristics can also limit clogging or blockage within the system1000 (e.g., the delivery member 1500).

As shown, the drive assembly 1150 includes a drive member 1160 that isoperably coupled to the container assembly 1300 such that, uponactuation, the drive assembly 1150 can convey the first component 1 andthe second component 2 from the container assembly 1300. The driveassembly 1150 can include any suitable mechanism for producing the driveforce. For example, in some embodiments, the drive assembly can includean electromechanical driver (not shown in FIGS. 1 and 2) to produce thedrive force. Such electromechanical drivers can include, for example, amotor-driven linear actuator, a hydraulic actuator (e.g., that includesa pump driven by an electronic component), a magnetic-based actuator, apneumatic actuator that includes an electromechanical valve to control apressure applied to the drive member 1160, or any other suitableelectromechanical driver of the types described herein. In someembodiments, the drive assembly 1150 and/or the delivery device 1100 caninclude an electronic control system (not shown) that controls theelectromechanical driver and any other aspect of the drive assembly tocontrol the delivery characteristics of the first component 1, thesecond component 2, and/or the delivered product 3, as described herein.For example, in some embodiments, the electronic control system can besimilar to the electronic control system 2200 described herein.

The container assembly 1300 includes a first container 1301 and a secondcontainer 1302, and can be coupled to and/or received within the housing1110. The first container 1301 has a first end portion 1311, a secondend portion 1312, and includes an elastomeric member (or stopper) 1315therein. The first container 1301 defines a volume that is bounded onone side by the elastomeric member 1315 and that contains a firstcomponent 1. The first container 1301 includes a first plunger 1320having an end portion movably disposed within the first container 1301such that movement of the first plunger 1320 will cause movement of theelastomeric member 1315 to convey the first component 1 from the firstcontainer 1301. The opposite end of the first plunger 1320 is operablycoupled to (e.g., is configured to engage) the drive member 1160. Thesecond container 1302 has a first end portion 1331, a second end portion1332, and includes an elastomeric member (or stopper) 1335 therein. Thesecond container 1302 defines a volume that is bounded on one side bythe elastomeric member 1335 and that contains a second component 2. Thesecond container 1302 includes a second plunger 1340 having an endportion movably disposed within the second container 1302 such thatmovement of the second plunger 1340 will cause movement of theelastomeric member 1335 to convey the second component 2 from the secondcontainer 1302. The opposite end of the second plunger 1340 is operablycoupled to (e.g., is configured to engage) the drive member 1160. Insome embodiments, the elastomeric member is made of a butyl rubber suchas chlorobutyl or bromobutyl. In some embodiments, the elastomericmember can be coated with a film or other coatings such as ethylenetetrafluoroethylene (ETFE) or fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP).

The first container 1301 and the second container 1302 (and any of thecontainers described herein) can be any suitable containers. Forexample, the first container 1301 and/or the second container 1302 canbe a cartridge, an ampule, or a syringe. Moreover, the first container1301 and the second container 1302 (and any of the containers describedherein) can be of any suitable size and can be constructed from anysuitable material such a type I borosilicate glass. For example, in someembodiments, the first container 1301 and the second container 1302 canhave different sizes (e.g., different diameters). In this manner, thecontainer assembly can accommodate delivering different volumes of thefirst component 1 and the second component 2 while maintaining aconstant stroke length. In other embodiments, the first container 1301and the second container 1302 can be the same size.

The first component 1 and the second component 2 can be any of thebiomaterial components described herein. For example, in someembodiments, the first component 1 and the second component 2 can eachbe a water soluble component (e.g., monomer, macromer, polymer, or thelike) that is capable of crosslinking (e.g., with the other component)to form a hydrogel (as the delivered biomaterial product). In someembodiments, the first component 1 and the second component 2 areformulated such that the resulting hydrogel has a gelation time of lessthan 5 minutes. In other embodiments, the first component 1 and thesecond component 2 are formulated such that the resulting hydrogel has agelation time of less than 2 minutes. In other embodiments, the firstcomponent 1 and the second component 2 are formulated such that theresulting hydrogel has a gelation time of less than 1 minute. In yetother embodiments, the first component 1 and the second component 2 areformulated such that the resulting hydrogel has a gelation time of lessthan 30 seconds. In some embodiments, the first component 1 is at leastone of a polyvinyl alcohol, alginate or modified alginate, chitosan ormodified chitosan, polyethyleneimine, carboxymethyl cellulose, and/orpolyethylene glycol terminated with a biorthogonal functional group(e.g., amine, thiol, maleimide, azide, activated ester). The secondcomponent 2 is at least one of a water or buffer, water or buffer withdivalent cations such as calcium, a solution of reduced hyaluronic acid,a solution of polystyrene sulfonate, a solution of gelatin, and/orpolyethylene glycol terminated with a biorthogonal functional group(e.g., amine, thiol, maleimide, azide, activated ester). In someembodiments, polyvinyl alcohol, alginate, chitosan, polyethyleneimine,carboxymethyl cellulose, polyethylene glycol terminated with functionalgroups, divalent cations, reduced hyaluronic acid, polystyrenesulfonate, or gelatin have a weight percent ranging from about 1 to 30%in solvent. In some embodiments the polysaccharides may be modified withdifferent functional groups. In some embodiments the polysaccharides andproteins may range in molecular weight from 10,000-1,000,000 grams/mole.In some embodiments, the polyvinyl alcohol, polystyrene sulfonate,polyethyleneimine, and polyethylene glycol may be linear, Y-shaped,3-arm, 4-arm, 6-arm, or 8-arm and range in molecular weight from1,000-1,000,000 grams/mole The hydrogel can be any of the hydrogelsdescribed herein and can have any of the characteristics as indicatedherein. For example, in some embodiments, the formed hydrogel can be atleast 90 percent water.

The first container 1301 and the second container 1302 are configured tobe coupled to the connector 1400. By having the containers as separatearticles from the connector, the first container 1301 and the secondcontainer 1302 can be commercially available containers (e.g., syringes)within which the first component 1 and the second component 2,respectively, can be prepared for use. Moreover, this arrangement allowsthe first component 1 to be prepared within the first container 1301(e.g., via mixing, dilution, etc.) separately from when the secondcomponent 2 is prepared within the second container 1302. In otherembodiments, however, the container assembly 1300 can include a firstcontainer and a second container that are integrally and/ormonolithically constructed with the connector. In yet other embodiments,the container assembly 1300 can include a single container that containsboth the first component 1 and the second component 2.

As shown, the connector 1400 includes a first (or input) end portion1401 and a second (or output) end portion 1402. The first end portion1401 is configured to receive a tip (or connector) 1313 of the firstcontainer 1301 and a tip (or connector) 1333 of the second container1302. The second end portion 1402 is configured to be coupled to adelivery member 1500 (see e.g., FIGS. 5 and 6). In this manner, thefirst component 1 can be conveyed from the first container 1301, intothe first end portion 1401 of the connector 1400, and out of the secondend portion 1402 of the connector to the delivery member 1500.Similarly, the second component 2 can be conveyed from the secondcontainer 1302, into the first end portion 1401 of the connector 1400,and out of the second end portion 1402 of the connector 1400 to thedelivery member 1500. In some embodiments, the connector 1400 can be amixing connector within which the first component 1 is mixed with thesecond component 2 before the two components are conveyed into thedelivery member 1500. In other embodiments, however, the connector 1400can maintain the first component 1 separate from the second component 2,and the two components are conveyed into and mixed within the deliverymember 1500. By maintaining separate flow paths within the connector1400, the reaction (e.g., crosslinking) between the first component 1and the second component 2 can be performed outside of the connector1400 (i.e., within the delivery member 1500), thereby limiting thelikelihood of clogging with the connector 1400. In this manner, theconnector 1400 can be used for multiple injections.

The delivery member 1500 can be any suitable delivery member, such as aneedle, a catheter, or any other device through which the firstcomponent 1, the second component 2, and/or the biomaterial product 3can be delivered to the target location. In some embodiments, theconnector 1400 and the delivery member 1500 can be monolithicallyconstructed or otherwise pre-assembled prior to use. In otherembodiments, the connector 1400 can be separate from the delivery member1500 and coupled to the delivery member 1500 as a part of the deliveryprocedure.

In use, after the container assembly 1300 is prepared and coupled to thedelivery device 1100, the drive assembly 1150 can be actuated to producethe drive force. In this manner, the drive assembly 1150 (and the drivemember 1160) can move the first plunger 1320 and the second plunger 1340simultaneously for a time period to dispense a portion of the firstcomponent 1 from the first container 1301 and a portion of the secondcomponent 2 from the second container 1302. The first component 1 andthe second component 2 are conveyed through the connector 1400, as shownby the arrow AA in FIG. 2. As described above, the first component 1 andthe second component 2 can react (e.g., within the delivery member 1500,not shown in FIG. 2) to form the biomaterial product 3. The driveassembly 1150 is configured to move the first plunger 1320 and thesecond plunger 1340 such that the first component 1 and the secondcomponent 2 exit the connector 1400 at an exit velocity within apredetermined velocity range during the time period.

In some embodiments, the predetermined velocity range is bounded by anupper velocity threshold and a lower velocity threshold. For example,FIG. 3 shows a plot of the exit velocity as a function of time. Asshown, during the injection time period Δt, the velocity of thecomponents exiting the connector 1400 (and/or exiting the deliverymember 1500) is bounded by the upper velocity threshold Vupper and thelower velocity threshold Vlower. By maintaining the velocity below theupper velocity threshold, the biomaterial can be delivered in a mannerthat limits the likelihood of tissue damage (e.g., due to excessivevelocity causing potential tissue damage). Moreover, maintaining thevelocity below the upper velocity threshold can ensure that thedelivered biomaterial product 3 is properly formed within the system1000 (e.g., the delivery member 1500) before exiting the delivery member1500. For example, if the biomaterial product 3 has a gelation time ofapproximately 15 seconds, then the desired residence time of the firstcomponent 1 and the second component 2 within the delivery member is atleast 15 seconds. Accordingly, the upper velocity threshold can bepredetermined based on the length of the delivery member 1500 and thegelation time of the biomaterial product 3. The predetermined velocityrange can be any suitable range to accommodate the desired deliverycharacteristics. For example, in some embodiments, the velocity rangecan be between 0.1 mm/sec to 10 mm/sec. In other embodiments, thevelocity range can be between 0.1 mm/sec to 5 mm/sec. In otherembodiments, the velocity range can be between 0.01 mm/sec and 1 mm/sec.

Moreover, by maintaining the velocity within the predetermined range andfor the predetermined delivery time, the system 1000 can deliver avolume of the biomaterial product 3 that is within a desired volumerange. In this manner, the amount of biomaterial can be accuratelycontrolled. In some embodiments, the volume range is between about 5microliters and about 1000 microliters. In other embodiments, the volumerange is between about 50 microliters and 500 microliters. In yet otherembodiments, the volume range is between about 50 microliters and 250microliters. In still other embodiments, the volume range is betweenabout 75 microliters and 150 microliters.

Additionally, in some embodiments, the lower velocity threshold is abovezero. By maintaining the exit velocity (and/or the velocity within thedelivery member 1500) above zero, the likelihood of clogging within thedelivery member is reduced.

Although FIG. 3 depicts a quasi-constant velocity during the deliverytime, in other embodiments, the drive assembly 1150 is configured toproduce any desired velocity profile during the delivery time period.Similarly, in some embodiments, the drive assembly 1150 is configured toproduce any desired acceleration (the rate of change of the velocity) orjerk (the rate of change of the acceleration) profile during thedelivery time period. For example, FIG. 4 shows another plot of the exitvelocity as a function of time. As described above, during the injectiontime period Δt, the velocity of the components exiting the connector1400 (and/or exiting the delivery member 1500) is bounded by the uppervelocity threshold Vupper and the lower velocity threshold Vlower.Additionally, the drive assembly 1150 produces a velocity profile havingan initial “high velocity” portion, followed by a deceleration to alower velocity portion. In addition to providing control of the deliveryvelocity (and/or acceleration), in some embodiments, the drive assembly1150 can be configured to maintain the drive force applied by the drivemember 1160 on the plungers below a force threshold.

The system 1000 (and any of the systems described herein) can be used todeliver a biomaterial product (such as any of the hydrogels describedherein) to a target location. For example, FIGS. 5-7 are schematicillustrations showing the system 1000 being used to deliver abiomaterial product 3 to a body lumen L. In use, the container assembly1300 can be readied for use by preparing (e.g., mixing, reconstituting,etc.) and loading the first component 1 into the first container 1301and the second component 2 into the second container 1302. The containerassembly 1300 can then be coupled to (or loaded into) the deliverydevice 1100 and primed for use, in accordance with any of the methodsdescribed herein. The delivery member 1500 is then inserted into thebody lumen L, as shown in FIG. 5. In some embodiments, the deliverymember 1500 can be inserted before being connected to the connector1400. In other embodiments, however, the delivery member 1500 can becoupled to the connector 1400 and then inserted into the body lumen L.As shown in FIG. 6, the delivery device 1100 can be actuated to initiatedelivery of the first component 1 and the second component 2 through theconnector 1400 and the delivery member 1500, as described above.Specifically, the delivery device 1100 can convey the first component 1and the second component 2 for a delivery time period and within adesired velocity range. In this manner, the desired volume or length ofthe biomaterial product 3 can be delivered into the body lumen L. Thedelivery member 1500 can then be removed from the body lumen L, as shownin FIG. 7. The body lumen L can be any suitable body lumen, such as, forexample, an artery, vein, capillary, vessel, tissue, intra-organ space,lymphatic vessel, vas deferens, epididymis, fallopian tube, duct, bileduct, hepatic duct, cystic duct, pancreatic duct, parotid duct, organ,uterus, prostate. The target location can also be an organ of agastrointestinal tract or circulatory system or respiratory system ornervous system, a subcutaneous space, an intramuscular space, or aninterstitial space.

In some embodiments a delivery device can include one or more feedbacksensors to facilitate closed-loop control of the deliverycharacteristics of the biomaterial product. Such deliverycharacteristics can include the velocity of the components deliveredfrom the container assembly, the velocity of the biomaterial productdelivered, the peak force applied during delivery, the amount ofbiomaterial product delivered, a sudden drop-off or spike in forcesobserved at the plunger, or the like. For example, FIGS. 8 and 9 areschematic illustrations of a system 2000 (also referred to as a deliverysystem) according to an embodiment. As described herein, the system 2000is configured to convey and combine multiple biomaterial components thatform a biomaterial product that is delivered to a target location. FIG.10 is a plot showing a sample force profile of the biomaterialcomponents during use of the system 2000. The system 2000 includes adelivery device 2100, a container assembly 2300, a connector 2400, and adelivery member 2500.

The delivery device 2100 includes a housing 2110, a drive assembly 2150,and an electronic control system 2200. The housing 2110 includes acontainer receiving portion 2112 configured to receive at least aportion of the container assembly 2300. The container receiving portion2112 can be an opening or recess within which an end portion 2312 of thecontainer assembly 2300 can be retained during use. The containerreceiving portion 2112 can include any suitable retention structure,locking members, pin system, magnets, or the like. The housing 2110 canalso contain the drive assembly 2150 and the electronic control system2200. As shown, the housing 2110 includes a handle 2120 that can begripped and/or manipulated by a user during operation of the device2100. The housing 2110 can be made from any suitable material ormaterials and can provide any suitable structural components to receiveand/or retain the portion of the container assembly 2300 and perform anyof the functions described herein. For example, in some embodiments, thehousing 2110 can be constructed from multiple components that are joinedtogether (e.g., via a hinged joint, a mechanical fastener or the like)to surround and/or secure the container assembly 2300.

The container assembly 2300 has a first end portion 2311, a second endportion 2312, and includes an elastomeric member (or stopper) 2315therein. The container assembly 2300 defines a first chamber (or volume)and a second chamber (or volume) that is separated from the firstchamber by a separation member 2303. The first chamber contains a firstcomponent 1 and the second chamber contains a second component 2 that isseparate from the first component (i.e., by the separation member 2303).The separation member 2303 can be a flexible member, a seal, or anyother structure that maintains the first chamber separate from and/orfluidically isolated from the second chamber. In this manner, the firstcomponent 1 and the second component 2 can be stored within thecontainer assembly 2300 without reacting together. The first chamber andthe second chamber are bounded on one side by the elastomeric member2315. The container assembly 2300 includes a plunger 2320 having an endportion movably disposed within the container assembly 2300 such thatmovement of the plunger 2320 will cause movement of the elastomericmember 2315 to convey the first component 1 and the second component 2from the container assembly 2300. The opposite end of the first plunger2320 is operably coupled to (e.g., is configured to engage) a drivemember 2160 of the drive assembly 2150.

The first component 1 and the second component 2 can be any of thebiomaterial components described herein. For example, in someembodiments, the first component 1 and the second component 2 can eachbe a water soluble component (e.g., monomer, macromer, polymer, or thelike) that is capable of crosslinking (e.g., with the other component)to form a hydrogel (as the delivered biomaterial product). In someembodiments, the first component 1 and the second component 2 areformulated such that the resulting hydrogel has a gelation time of lessthan 5 minutes. In other embodiments, the first component 1 and thesecond component 2 are formulated such that the resulting hydrogel has agelation time of less than 2 minutes. In other embodiments, the firstcomponent 1 and the second component 2 are formulated such that theresulting hydrogel has a gelation time of less than 2 minute. In yetother embodiments, the first component 1 and the second component 2 areformulated such that the resulting hydrogel has a gelation time of lessthan 30 seconds. In some embodiments, the first component 1 is at leastone of a polyvinyl alcohol, alginate or modified alginate, chitosan ormodified chitosan, polyethyleneimine, carboxymethyl cellulose, and/orpolyethylene glycol terminated with a biorthogonal functional group(e.g., amine, thiol, maleimide, azide, activated ester). The secondcomponent 2 is at least one of a water or buffer, water or buffer withdivalent cations such as calcium, a solution of reduced hyaluronic acid,a solution of polystyrene sulfonate, a solution of gelatin, and/orpolyethylene glycol terminated with a biorthogonal functional group(e.g., amine, thiol, maleimide, azide, activated ester). In someembodiments, polyvinyl alcohol, alginate, chitosan, polyethyleneimine,carboxymethyl cellulose, polyethylene glycol terminated with functionalgroups, divalent cations, reduced hyaluronic acid, polystyrenesulfonate, or gelatin have a weight percent ranging from about 1 to 30%in solvent. In some embodiments the polysaccharides may be modified withdifferent functional groups. In some embodiments the polysaccharides andproteins may range in molecular weight from 10,000-1,000,000 grams/mole.In some embodiments, the polyvinyl alcohol, polystyrene sulfonate,polyethyleneimine, and polyethylene glycol may be linear, Y-shaped,3-arm, 4-arm, 6-arm, or 8-arm and range in molecular weight from1,000-1,000,000 grams/mole. The hydrogel can be any of the hydrogelsdescribed herein and can have any of the characteristics as indicatedherein. For example, in some embodiments, the formed hydrogel can be atleast 90 percent water. In other embodiments, the formed hydrogel canbe >50% water.

The container assembly 2300 is configured to be coupled to the connector2400 and a delivery member 2500. By having the containers as separatearticles from the connector and delivery member, the first component 1and the second component can each be prepared within the containerassembly 2300 (e.g., via mixing, dilution, etc.) separately from whenconnector 2400 is attached. In other embodiments, however, the containerassembly 2300 can be provided as a prefilled assembly. In otherembodiments, the container assembly 2300 can be integral to and/ormonolithically constructed with the connector 2400. In yet otherembodiments, the container assembly 2300 can include two separatecontainers, like the first container 1301 and the second container 1302described herein.

The connector 2400 can be similar to any of the connectors describedherein, and includes a first (or input) end portion 2401 and a second(or output) end portion 2402. The first end portion 2401 is configuredto receive a tip (or connector) 2313 of the container assembly 2300. Thesecond end portion 2402 is configured to be coupled to a delivery member2500. In this manner, the first component 1 and the second component 2can be conveyed from the container assembly 2300, into the first endportion 2401 of the connector 2400, and out of the second end portion2402 of the connector to the delivery member 2500. In some embodiments,the connector 2400 can be a mixing connector within which the firstcomponent 1 is mixed with the second component 2 before the twocomponents are conveyed into the delivery member 2500. In otherembodiments, however, the connector 2400 can maintain the firstcomponent 1 separate from the second component 2, and the two componentsare conveyed into and mixed within the delivery member 2500. Bymaintaining separate flow paths within the connector 2400, the reaction(e.g., crosslinking) between the first component 1 and the secondcomponent 2 can be performed outside of the connector 2400 (i.e., withinthe delivery member 2500), thereby limiting the likelihood of cloggingwith the connector 2400. In this manner, the connector 2400 can be usedfor multiple injections.

The delivery member 2500 can be any suitable delivery member, such as aneedle, a catheter, or any other device through which the firstcomponent 1, the second component 2, and/or the delivered biomaterialproduct can be delivered to the target location. In some embodiments,the connector 2400 and the delivery member 2500 can be monolithicallyconstructed or otherwise pre-assembled prior to use. In otherembodiments, the connector 2400 can be separate from the delivery member2500 and coupled to the delivery member 2500 as a part of the deliveryprocedure.

The drive assembly 2150 can be any suitable assembly or mechanism thatproduces a drive force to convey the first biomaterial component 1, orthe second biomaterial component 2, or both the first component 1 andthe second component 2 from the container assembly 2300 as describedherein. More specifically, the drive assembly 2150 can produce the driveforce and/or convey the components within a desired velocity range,force range, and/or range of flow rates. As shown, the drive assembly2150 includes a drive member 2160 that is operably coupled to thecontainer assembly 2300 such that, upon actuation, the drive assembly2150 can convey the first component 1 and the second component 2 fromthe container assembly 2300. The drive assembly 2150 can include anysuitable mechanism for producing the drive force. For example, in someembodiments, the drive assembly can include an electromechanical driver(not shown in FIGS. 8 and 9) to produce the drive force. Suchelectromechanical drivers can include, for example, a motor-drivenlinear actuator, a hydraulic actuator (e.g., that includes a pump drivenby an electronic component), a magnetic-based actuator, a pneumaticactuator that includes an electromechanical valve to control a pressureapplied to the drive member 2160, or any other suitableelectromechanical driver of the types described herein. In someembodiments the drive assembly 2150 (or any of the drive assembliesdescribed herein) can include one or more springs configured to applyforce onto the drive member. Furthermore, these preloaded driveassembles can facilitate multiple injections with the same device.

The electronic control system 2200 controls the electromechanical driverand any other suitable aspect of the drive assembly to control thedelivery characteristics of the first component 1, the second component2, and/or the delivered product, as described herein. As shown, theelectronic control system 2200 includes one or more sensors 2210, one ormore processors 2201, one or more memory components 2202, and variousmodules, such as a drive module 2204 and a user interface module 2206.Although FIGS. 8 and 9 illustrates the electronic control system 2200being within the housing 2110, the electronic control system 2200 orportions thereof can be provided outside of the housing 2110 (e.g.,certain operations of the electronic control system 2200 can beperformed within a cloud computing environment). As described herein,the electronic control system 2200 can automatically control theduration of delivery, the velocity of the components, the peak forceapplied during delivery, and any other aspects of delivering thebiomaterial product.

Specifically, the electronic control system 2200 can control the driveassembly 2150 based on feedback from the sensor(s) 2210. The sensor 2210can be separate and/or included within the electronic control system2200 can include any suitable sensor that produces a feedback signalassociated with at least one of a position of the drive member 2160, avelocity of the drive member 2160, an acceleration of the drive member2160, or the drive force applied by the drive member 2160. Such sensorscan include, for example, imaging devices, optical sensors,accelerometers, temperature sensors, contact sensors, proximity sensors,position sensors, and/or any other suitable input device. For example,in some embodiments, the sensor 2210 can be a linear position sensor(e.g., an LVDT or the like) that produces a feedback signal associatedwith the position of the drive member 2160. The feedback signal can alsobe used to determine changes in position during the delivery event(i.e., the velocity of the drive member 2160). In other embodiments, thesensor 2210 can be a force sensor (e.g., a strain gauge force sensor)that produces a feedback signal associated with the force applied by orexerted on the drive member 2160. In yet other embodiments, the sensor2210 can be a current sensor that measures the current and/or voltagesupplied to the electromechanical driver. From the measured currentand/or voltage, the electronic control system 2200 (e.g., the drivemodule 2202) can calculate the power, and therefore, the approximateforce applied by the drive member 2160. The sensor 2210 can also beother type of sensor, such as an accelerometer (to measure vibration,motion and/or acceleration of the drive member 2160), an opticalsensor(s) to detect certain positions of the drive member 2160 and/orcontainer assembly 2300, or one or more switches. Although described asincluding one feedback sensor, the electronic control system 2200 (andany of the electronic control systems described herein) can include anynumber of sensors. For example, in some embodiments, the electroniccontrol system 2200 can include a linear position sensor to measure theposition of the drive member 2160 and an optical sensor to determinewhether the connector 2400 is coupled to the container assembly 2300. Insome embodiments, the electronic control system 2200 is configured todetect and verify that the container assembly 2300 and/or the connectorassembly 2400 are properly mounted and coupled to the housing 2110. Insome embodiments, the electronic control system 2200 is configured tomonitor a position the plunger 2320 relative to the drive member 2160and/or the housing 2110 to improve accuracy and control of the plunger2320 during priming operation or the injection operation.

The processor 2201, and any of the processors described herein can beany suitable processor for performing the methods described herein. Insome embodiments, processor 2201 can be configured to run and/or executeapplication modules, processes and/or functions associated with thedelivery device 2100. For example, the processor 2201 can be configuredto run and/or execute the drive module 2204, the user interface module2206 (which functions an input/output module), and/or any of the othermodules described herein, and perform the methods associated therewith.The processor 2201 can be, for example, a Field Programmable Gate Array(FPGA), an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), a DigitalSignal Processor (DSP), and/or the like. The processor 2201 can beconfigured to retrieve data from and/or write data to memory, e.g., thememory 2202.

The memory 2202 (or any of the memory devices described herein) can be,for example, random access memory (RAM), memory buffers, hard drives,databases, erasable programmable read only memory (EPROMs), electricallyerasable programmable read only memory (EEPROMs), read only memory(ROM), flash memory, hard disks, floppy disks, cloud storage, and/or soforth. In some embodiments, the memory 2202 stores instructions to causethe processor 2201 to execute modules, processes and/or functionsassociated with the delivery device 2100. For example, the memory 2202can store instructions to cause the processor 2201 to execute any of theapplication modules described herein, and perform the methods associatedtherewith.

The user interface module 2206 can be a hardware and/or software module(stored in memory 2202 and/or executed in the processor 2201). The userinterface module 2206 can be configured to receive input from and/orproduce output to the user. For example, the user can depress theactuator button 2230, which is operatively coupled to the electroniccontrol system 2200. The user interface module 2206 can receive theinput and produce one or more signals based on the user input. Forexample, in some embodiments, the user interface module 2206 can producea signal to the drive assembly 2150 to “prime” the system by moving thedrive member 2160 a predetermined distance. In other embodiments, theuser interface module 2206 can produce a signal to the drive assembly2150 to stop movement of the drive member 2160 (e.g., in an error stateor “stop” state). The user interface module 2206 can also produce asignal to cause the electronic control system 2200 to produce one ormore outputs. For example, in some embodiments, the electronic controlsystem 2200 (and any of the electronic control systems described herein)includes an output device, such a light output device (e.g., LED's), anaudible output device (e.g., speaker), or a tactile output device (e.g.,vibration device). In such embodiments, the user interface module 2206can produce a signal to cause the output device to produce an output(e.g., a visual, audible, or tactile output) to indicate a change instate (e.g., priming completed, mixing completed, injection complete) orerror condition associated with the delivery device 2100. In someembodiments, the user interface module 2206 includes a graphical userinterface to display information relating to the system 2000 and toreceive inputs from a user.

The drive module 2204 can be a hardware and/or software module (storedin memory 2202 and/or executed in the processor 2201). The drive module2204 can be configured to receive the feedback sensor (e.g., from thesensor(s) 2210) and produce, based on the feedback signal, a drivesignal to maintain the drive force below a drive force threshold. Forexample, after the container assembly 2300 is prepared and coupled tothe delivery device 2100, the drive assembly 2150 can be actuated (e.g.,via the actuator button 2230) to produce the drive force. In thismanner, the drive assembly 2150 (and the drive member 2160) can move theplunger 2320 for a time period to dispense a portion of the firstcomponent 1 and a portion of the second component 2 from the containerassembly 2300. The first component 1 and the second component 2 areconveyed through the connector 2400 and into the delivery member 2500.The first component 1 and the second component 2 can react (e.g., withinthe delivery member 2500) to form the biomaterial product, as shown bythe arrow BB. The drive module 2204 is configured produce a drive signalto maintain the drive force below a drive force threshold during thedelivery time period. The drive signal can be, for example, a controlsignal that adjusts a level of power (e.g., current or power) applied tothe drive assembly 2150 to maintain the drive force below the driveforce threshold. In some embodiments, the drive assembly 2150 caninclude an electromechanical driver, such as a stepper motor. The drivesignal can be a series of pulses to maintain and/or control the speed ofthe motor, thereby maintaining the force below the drive forcethreshold.

In some embodiments, the drive module 2204 can be configured to maintainthe drive force below more than one threshold. For example, FIG. 10shows a plot of the drive force as a function of time. In someembodiments, the injection can be divided into two time periods: a firsttime period Δt₁ and a second time period Δt₂. During the first timeperiod, which can be referred to as a “breakaway” period, the drivemodule 2204 can be configured to maintain the drive force below abreakaway force threshold (identified as F₂ in FIG. 10). During thesecond time period, which can be referred to as a “delivery” period, thedrive module 2204 can be configured to maintain the drive force below adrive force threshold (identified as F₁ in FIG. 10). As shown, the driveforce threshold is lower than the breakaway force threshold. Bycontrolling drive assembly 2150 to produce a higher force on the“startup” period (i.e., the period during which movement of the plunger2320 is initiated), the system can overcome static friction, while stillminimizing the high force impulse to limit potential tissue damage.Although FIG. 10 shows the drive force threshold being lower than thebreakaway force threshold, in other embodiments, the drive forcethreshold can be equal to or higher than the breakaway force threshold.In yet other embodiments, the drive force can be maintained below morethan two different thresholds. For example, in some embodiments, thedrive module 2204 can be configured to maintain the drive force below adrive threshold force curve that changes as a function of time. In someembodiments, the drive threshold curve can remain constant, increase,and/or decrease as a function of time.

In some embodiments, the drive module 2204 and/or the user interfacemodule 2206 is configured to produce an error signal when the driveforce exceeds the drive force threshold. In some embodiments, the errorsignal can cause an output device (not shown) to produce any one of avisual, audible, or tactile output. In other embodiments, the errorsignal can cause a reduction in the power or drive signal to the driveassembly 2150. Similarly stated, the error signal can cause the driveassembly 2150 to reduce and/or stop movement to limit the likelihood oftissue damage caused by excessive force. In yet other embodiments, thedrive module 2204 can produce a completion signal at the end of thedelivery event to cause the drive assembly 2150 to stop movement.

By maintaining the drive force below the drive force threshold, thebiomaterial can be delivered in a manner that limits the likelihood oftissue damage (e.g., due to excessive velocity and/or force causingpotential tissue damage). Specifically, the drive force (i.e., the forceapplied by the delivery member) is related to the force with which thebiomaterial is delivered to the target location (i.e., the deliveryforce). For example, the drive force generates a pressure within thecontainer assembly that moves the elastomeric member thereby causing theflow of the first component 1 and the second component 2 through thesystem (including the connector 2400 and the delivery member 2500). Thedrive force is counteracted by friction forces within the system aswells as pressure from the delivery site. Thus, the delivery force,which is applied to and/or within the target tissue, is associated withthe drive force and also the losses (e.g., friction forces) through thesystem. The drive force threshold can be any suitable value. Forexample, in some embodiments, the drive force can be maintained between0.1N and about 45N. In other embodiments, the drive force can bemaintained below about 20N. In yet other embodiments, the drive forcecan be maintained below about 12N and/or within a range of between about7N and 12N.

In some embodiments, the drive module 2204 can be configured to maintaina velocity of the components exiting the connector 2400 (and/or exitingthe delivery member 2500) within a desired velocity range, similar tothe ranges described above with respect to the delivery device 1100. Asdescribed above, the drive force needed to deliver the components fromthe container assembly 2300 and the biomaterial product exiting thedelivery member 2500 is related to the target flow rate (and thereforethe velocity), the properties of the materials (e.g., viscosity), andthe characteristics of the delivery system 2000 (e.g., length of thedelivery member and friction between the elastomeric member 2315 and thecontainer assembly 2300). In certain circumstances (i.e., laminar flowof the components), the pressure of the first component 1 and the secondcomponent 2 within the container assembly 2300 (which is related to thedrive force exerted by the drive assembly 2150) can be modeled by theHagen-Poiseuille law, as indicated below:P=(8*μ*L*Q)/(Π*R ⁴)  (1)

where P is the pressure of the first component 1 and/or the secondcomponent 2 within the container assembly 2300, μ is the viscosity ofthe first component 1 and/or the second component 2, L is the length ofthe delivery member 2500, Q is the flow rate of the first component 1,the second component 2, and/or the biomaterial product through thedelivery member 2500, and R is the radius of the lumen defined by thedelivery member 2500. Because the pressure (and therefore drive force)required to inject a high viscosity fluid through a small-diameterdelivery member is proportional to the inverse of the radius of thelumen of the delivery member to the fourth power, the pressure of thecomponents within the container assembly 2300 must be high enough toachieve the desired flow rate, while being controlled to avoid excessflow rates (or velocities) and/or high delivery (or exit) forces, whichcould damage the target tissue. Furthermore, for certain applications,it is necessary to control the injection location, rate of delivery, andvolume of the biomaterial delivered such that implantation of thebiomaterial into that tissue space does cause the material to enter ordamage other tissue spaces. For example, if the injection is too slowbased upon the mechanical properties and pressures at the implantationsite this can cause a poorly formed implant or leakage from entry sitefor implantation or clogs. For example, if the injection is too fastbased upon the mechanical properties and pressures at the implantationsite this can cause excessive tissue damage or vessel rupture or foreignbody response from damage of implantation.

In some embodiments, the container assembly 2300 (and any of thecontainer assemblies described herein), the first component 1 and thesecond component 2 can be configured and/or formulated to facilitatemaintaining a desired force and/or velocity profile. For example, insome embodiments, the container assembly 2300 (and any of the containerassemblies described herein) can include two containers of equal sizeand containing substantially the same volume of the components.Moreover, in some embodiments, any of the devices and methods describedherein can include conveying equal amounts of the first component 1 andthe second component 2 to produce the biomaterial product. Further, insome embodiments, the viscosity of the first component 1 and the secondcomponent 2 can be “matched.” Specifically, in some embodiments, thefirst component is characterized by a first viscosity and the secondcomponent is characterized by a second viscosity, the second viscositybeing within twenty-five percent of the first viscosity.

FIG. 11 is a flow chart illustrating a method 10 of delivering abiomaterial product, according to an embodiment. The method 10 can beperformed with any of the systems, delivery devices, and componentsdescribed herein, such as, for example, the delivery systems 1000, 2000,3000, and 4000 and/or the delivery devices 1100, 2100, 3100, and 4100described herein. The method includes conveying a first component storedin a first chamber of a container assembly to a first inlet of aconnector coupled to the container assembly, at 11. The method furtherincludes conveying a second component stored in a second chamber of thecontainer assembly to a second inlet portion of the connector, at 12. Insome embodiments, the container assembly includes two separatecontainers, with the first component being within the first containerand the second component being within the second container. In otherembodiments, however, container assembly includes a single container(similar to the container assembly 2300 described above), with the firstcomponent and the second component being within separate chambers of thecontainer. In some embodiments, the first component and the secondcomponent can be conveyed to the connector simultaneously.

The first component and the second component are then conveyed throughan outlet portion of the connector, into a mixing volume of a deliverymember, and through the delivery member, at 12. The delivery member isremovably coupled to the connector. The first component crosslinks withthe second component to form a hydrogel within the delivery member suchthat the conveying the first component and the second component throughthe outlet portion causes the hydrogel to be conveyed out of an exitopening of the delivery member. Similarly stated, the first componentand the second component are delivered in a manner to ensure that thehydrogel (also referred to as the delivered product) is fully formedwithin the system (e.g., the delivery member 1500), thereby ensuringthat that the first component and the second component are not deliveredwhile the delivered product is still yet to be formed (or is onlypartially formed).

The first component and the second component can be any of thecomponents or compositions described herein. For example, in someembodiments, the first component and the second component are formulatedsuch that the hydrogel has a gelation time. The first component and thesecond component are conveyed through the outlet portion, into themixing volume, and through the delivery member within a flow rate rangethat is based on the gelation time such that they hydrogel is fullyformed within the delivery member before being conveyed out of the exitopening.

In some embodiments, the hydrogel is conveyed out of the exit opening ofthe delivery member into a body lumen to at least partially occlude thebody lumen. The body lumen can be any suitable body lumen, such as forexample, an artery, vein, capillary, vessel, tissue, intra-organ space,lymphatic vessel, vas deferens, epididymis, fallopian tube, duct, bileduct, hepatic duct, cystic duct, pancreatic duct, parotid duct, organ,uterus, prostate, organ of a gastrointestinal tract or circulatorysystem or respiratory system or nervous system, subcutaneous space,intramuscular space, or interstitial space.

In some embodiments, the method 10 optionally includes removing theconnector from the delivery member. The method can further optionallyinclude coupling a second delivery member to the connector and conveyinga second amount of the first component and the second component throughthe outlet portion of the connector, into a mixing volume of the seconddelivery member, and through the second delivery member to a secondtarget location within the body.

In some embodiments, any of the delivery devices described herein can beconfigured to prime the biomaterial product and/or perform theinjection. “Priming” is defined as any steps that prepare the materialprior to injection, for example, mixing or merging solutions within thedevice, removing dead volume (e.g., from the connector), and/orsetting/adjusting the injection volume. “Injection” is defined asdelivering the biomaterial product into the body. In one aspect, thepriming and injection steps are pre-defined and not adjustable by theuser (e.g. physician). In one aspect, both the priming and injectionsteps are adjustable by the user. In one aspect, the priming andinjection steps can be a combination of adjustable and not adjustable.

In some embodiments, any of the device described herein may be able toperform one or more injections, such as delivering two biomaterialproducts into the same patient from the same apparatus. In someembodiments, any of the device described herein can perform a singlepriming step and single injection; single priming step and multipleinjections; multiple priming steps and a single injection; and multiplepriming steps and multiple injections. The priming and injection stepscan be performed in a pre-defined sequence or performed in any order.The priming steps may be the same or different volumes. If multipleinjections are done, they may be the same or different volumes eachtime.

In some embodiments, the priming and/or injection(s) may occur via userinput; for example, the user's hands or fingers may apply force onlevers, switches, plungers, pistons, and/or rods. In some embodiments,the priming and/or injection(s) may occur by the apparatus or motor oractuator applying a force on levers, switches, plungers, and/or rods;often, the user may initiate these steps through a switch, trigger,button, lever, rod, graphical user interface and/or voice command. Thepriming and/or injection(s) may occur through a combination of userinput and apparatus, such as where the user provides part of the forceand part of the force is derived from the apparatus or motor oractuator, which can include or act on levers, switches, plungers,pistons, and/or rods. In other embodiments, other actuators (e.g. linearactuator) or pumps (e.g. peristaltic pump) can be used for primingand/or injection. One or more reservoirs can also be included forstoring the biomaterial components individually or together in a mannersuitable for providing the biomaterials ready for injection.

For example, FIGS. 12-14 show various views of a system 3000 thatincludes a delivery device 3100 that both primes and injects abiomaterial, according to an embodiment. The system 3000 includes thedelivery device 3100, a container assembly 3300, a connector 3400, and adelivery member 3500. The delivery device 3100 includes a housing 3110,a drive assembly 3150, and an electronic control system 3200. Thehousing 3110 is configured to receive the container assembly 3300.Specifically, the housing 3110 can include an opening or recess withinwhich the container assembly 3300 can be retained during use. Thehousing 3110 can include any suitable retention structure, lockingmembers, or the like. The housing 3110 also contains the drive assembly3150 and the electronic control system 3200. As shown, the housing 3110includes a handle 3120 that can be gripped and/or manipulated by a userduring operation of the device. 3100. The housing 3110 can be made fromany suitable material or materials and can provide any suitablestructural components to receive and/or retain the portion of thecontainer assembly 3300 and perform any of the functions describedherein.

The container assembly 3300 includes a first container 3301 and a secondcontainer 3302. The first container 3301 has a first end portion, asecond end portion, and includes an elastomeric member (or stopper) 3315therein. The first container 3301 defines a volume that is bounded onone side by the elastomeric member 3315 and that contains a firstcomponent 1. The first container 3301 includes a first plunger 3320having an end portion movably disposed within the first container 3301such that movement of the first plunger 3320 will cause movement of theelastomeric member 3315 to convey the first component 1 from the firstcontainer 3301. The opposite end of the first plunger 3320 is operablycoupled to (e.g., is configured to engage) the drive member 3160. Thesecond container 3302 has a first end portion, a second end portion, andincludes an elastomeric member (or stopper) 3335 therein. The secondcontainer 3302 defines a volume that is bounded on one side by theelastomeric member 3335 and that contains a second component 2. Thesecond container 3302 includes a second plunger 3340 having an endportion movably disposed within the second container 3302 such thatmovement of the second plunger 3340 will cause movement of theelastomeric member 3335 to convey the second component 2 from the secondcontainer 3302. The opposite end of the second plunger 3340 is operablycoupled to (e.g., is configured to engage) the drive member 3160. Inthis manner, a single drive assembly 3150 can move both the firstplunger 3320 and the second plunger 3340. The first container 3301 andthe second container 3302 (and any of the containers described herein)can be any suitable containers, as described herein.

The first component 1 and the second component 2 can be any of thebiomaterial components described herein. For example, in someembodiments, the first component 1 and the second component 2 can eachbe a water soluble component (e.g., monomer, macromer, polymer, or thelike) that is capable of crosslinking (e.g., with the other component)to form a hydrogel (as the delivered biomaterial product). In someembodiments, the first component 1 and the second component 2 areformulated such that the resulting hydrogel has a gelation time of lessthan 5 minutes. In other embodiments, the first component 1 and thesecond component 2 are formulated such that the resulting hydrogel has agelation time of less than 2 minutes. In other embodiments, the firstcomponent 1 and the second component 2 are formulated such that theresulting hydrogel has a gelation time of less than 1 minute. In yetother embodiments, the first component 1 and the second component 2 areformulated such that the resulting hydrogel has a gelation time of lessthan 30 seconds. In some embodiments, the first component 1 is at leastone of a polyvinyl alcohol, alginate or modified alginate, chitosan ormodified chitosan, polyethyleneimine, carboxymethyl cellulose, and/orpolyethylene glycol terminated with a biorthogonal functional group(e.g., amine, thiol, maleimide, azide, activated ester). The secondcomponent 2 is at least one of a water or buffer, water or buffer withdivalent cations such as calcium, a solution of reduced hyaluronic acid,a solution of polystyrene sulfonate, a solution of gelatin, and/orpolyethylene glycol terminated with a biorthogonal functional group(e.g., amine, thiol, maleimide, azide, activated ester). In someembodiments, polyvinyl alcohol, alginate, chitosan, polyethyleneimine,carboxymethyl cellulose, polyethylene glycol terminated with functionalgroups, divalent cations, reduced hyaluronic acid, polystyrenesulfonate, or gelatin have a weight percent ranging from about 1 to 30%in solvent. In some embodiments the polysaccharides may be modified withdifferent functional groups. In some embodiments the polysaccharides andproteins may range in molecular weight from 10,000-1,000,000 grams/mole.In some embodiments, the polyvinyl alcohol, polystyrene sulfonate,polyethyleneimine, and polyethylene glycol may be linear, Y-shaped,3-arm, 4-arm, 6-arm, or 8-arm and range in molecular weight from1,000-1,000,000 grams/mole. The hydrogel can be any of the hydrogelsdescribed herein and can have any of the characteristics as indicatedherein. For example, in some embodiments, the formed hydrogel can be atleast 90 percent water.

The container assembly 3300 is configured to be coupled to the connector3400, which is, in turn, coupled to a delivery member 3500. By havingthe containers as separate articles from the connector 3400 and deliverymember 3500, the first component 1 and the second component can each beprepared within the container assembly 3300 (e.g. via mixing, dilution,etc.) separately from when connector 3400 is attached. In otherembodiments, however, the container assembly 3300 can be provided as aprefilled assembly.

The connector 3400 can be similar to any of the connectors describedherein, and includes a first (or input) end portion and a second (oroutput) end portion 3402. The first end portion includes a first inlet3404 that is coupled to a tip (or connector) of the first container 3301and a second inlet 3406 that is coupled to a tip (or connector) of thesecond container 3302. The second end portion 3402 is configured to becoupled to the delivery member 3500 (FIGS. 12-14 show the connector 3400being coupled to a hub 3520 of the delivery member 3500). As shown inFIG. 14, the connector 3400 defines a first passageway (or lumen) 3411placing the first inlet 3404 in fluid communication with the second endportion 3402 and a second passageway (or lumen) 3412 placing the secondinlet 3406 in fluid communication with the second end portion 3402. Inthis manner, the first component 1 can be conveyed from the firstcontainer 3301, into the first end portion of the connector 3400, andout of the second end portion 3402 of the connector to the deliverymember 3500. Similarly, the second component 2 can be conveyed from thesecond container 3302, into the first end portion of the connector 3400,and out of the second end portion 3402 of the connector 3400 to thedelivery member 3500. As shown, the connector 3400 maintains the firstcomponent 1 separate from the second component 2, and the two componentsare conveyed into and mixed within the hub 3520 of the delivery member3500. By maintaining separate flow paths within the connector 3400, thereaction (e.g., crosslinking) between the first component 1 and thesecond component 2 can be performed outside of the connector 3400 (i.e.,within the delivery member 3500), thereby limiting the likelihood ofclogging with the connector 3400. In this manner, the connector 3400 canbe used for multiple injections.

The drive assembly 3150 can be any suitable assembly or mechanism thatproduces a drive force to convey the first biomaterial component 1 andthe second biomaterial component 2 from the container assembly 3300. Asshown, the drive assembly 3150 includes a drive member 3160 having anend portion 3162 that is operably coupled to the container assembly 3300(specifically, the first plunger 3320 and the second plunger 3340) suchthat, upon actuation, the drive assembly 3150 can convey the firstcomponent 1 and the second component 2 from the container assembly 3300.The drive assembly 3150 can include any suitable mechanism for producingthe drive force. For example, in some embodiments, the drive assemblycan include an electromechanical driver (not shown in FIGS. 12-14) toproduce the drive force. Such electromechanical drivers can include, forexample, a motor-driven linear actuator, a hydraulic actuator (e.g.,that includes a pump driven by an electronic component), amagnetic-based actuator, a pneumatic actuator that includes anelectromechanical valve to control a pressure applied to the drivemember 3160, or any other suitable electromechanical driver of the typesdescribed herein.

The electronic control system 3200 controls the electromechanical driverand any other suitable aspect of the drive assembly to control thedelivery characteristics of the first component 1, the second component2, and/or the delivered product, as described herein. Moreover, theelectronic control system 3200 can cause the drive assembly 3150 toproduce separate movement associated with a priming operation and aninjection operation. The electronic control system 3200 can be similarto (and include any of the features of) the electronic control system2200. For example, although not shown in FIGS. 12-14, the electroniccontrol system 3200 can include one or more sensors, one or moreprocessors, one or more memory components, and various modules, such asa drive module and a user interface module. As shown, the electroniccontrol system 3200 includes an actuator (or trigger) 3230, a first userinput switch 3232 (also referred to as a “prime switch”), and a seconduser input switch 3233 (also referred to as an “injection switch”). Theelectronic control system 3200 is powered by a power supply 3240. Thepower supply 3240 can be any suitable power supply, such as a battery(including a rechargeable battery), an AC to DC converter (e.g., tofacilitate an AC powered device). The actuator 3230, the prime switch3232, and the injection switch 3233 can each provide input to theelectronic control system 3200 via a user interface module (not shown,but which can be similar to the user interface module 2206 describedabove).

In use, the electronic control system 3200 can control the driveassembly 3150 based on the user input received via the prime switch 3232and the injection switch 3233. Specifically, the electronic controlsystem 3200 (and/or the drive module) is configured to produce a primesignal to cause the drive member 3160 to move a prime distance whenprime switch 3232 is actuated. The prime signal can be an electronicsignal (e.g., a current, a number of pulses or the like) that causes anelectromechanical driver of the drive system 3150 to move the drivemember 3160 by a predetermined distance (i.e., the prime distance) thatis sufficient to prime the system 3000 in preparation for (and beforecommencement of) and injection operation. In some embodiments, theelectronic control system 3200 (and/or the drive module) is configuredto produce the prime signal in response to actuation of the prime switch3232 and the actuator 3230. For example, in some embodiments, the usercan first actuate the prime switch 3232 to place the electronic controlsystem 3200 into a prime mode. Then after the user actuates the actuator3230, the electronic control system 3200 (and/or the drive module)produces the prime signal to initiate the prime operation (movement ofthe drive member 3160).

Additionally, the electronic control system 3200 (and/or the drivemodule) is configured to produce an injection signal to cause the drivemember 3160 to move an injection distance when injection switch 3233 isactuated. The injection signal can be an electronic signal (e.g., acurrent, a number of pulses or the like) that causes anelectromechanical driver of the drive system 3150 to move the drivemember 3160 by a predetermined distance (i.e., the injection distance)that is sufficient to deliver the desired volume of the biomaterialproduct (e.g., the hydrogel). In some embodiments, the electroniccontrol system 3200 (and/or the drive module) is configured to producethe injection signal in response to actuation of the injection switch3233 and the actuator 3230. For example, in some embodiments, the usercan first actuate the injection switch 3233 to place the electroniccontrol system 3200 into an injection mode. Then after the user actuatesthe actuator 3230, the electronic control system 3200 (and/or the drivemodule) produces the injection signal to initiate the injectionoperation (movement of the drive member 3160).

In some embodiments, the electronic control system 3200 (and/or thedrive module) can produce, control, and/or adjust a drive signal tocontrol the electromechanical driver to maintain an exit force of thehydrogel being conveyed out of the delivery member 3500 below an exitforce threshold, as described herein. In some embodiments, theelectronic control system 3200 (and/or the drive module) can produce,control, and/or adjust a drive signal to control the electromechanicaldriver to maintain a velocity of the first component 1, the secondcomponent 2, and/or the delivered biomaterial product within a desiredvelocity range, as described herein.

In some embodiments, the electronic control system 3200 (and any of theelectronic control systems described herein) is configured to detect anerror condition associated with the delivery system 3000 and/or thedelivery device 3100 and produce a notification to the user. Forexample, in some embodiments, the electronic control system 3200includes an output device (e.g., a light, a speaker, or a vibrationdevice). On the condition that injection switch 3233 is actuated but theprime operation has not been completed, the electronic control system3200 can produce an error signal. In this manner, the electronic controlsystem 3200 can eliminate or reduce the likelihood of an improperinjection being completed (due to the failure to properly prime thedevice). In some embodiments, the electronic control system 3200 (andany of the electronic control systems described herein) includes asensor configured to produce a feedback signal indicating whether theconnector 3400 is coupled to the container assembly 3300. The electroniccontrol system 3200 (and/or the drive module) can produce an errorsignal when the feedback signal indicates that the connector 3400 is notcoupled to the container assembly 3300. In this manner, the electroniccontrol system 3200 can eliminate or reduce the likelihood of animproper injection being completed if the connector 3400 is not properlycoupled to the container assembly 3300. Specifically, the error signalcan cause the output device to produce any one of a visual, audible, ortactile output. In some embodiments, the error signal can disable theinjection signal or the drive signal, or can otherwise prevent movementof the drive member 3160.

In some embodiments, the system 3000 can be used to perform multipleinjections using the same container assembly 3300. For example, in someembodiments, the system 3000 (and any of the systems described herein)can be used to deliver a biomaterial product (e.g., a hydrogel) toocclude each of the two vas deferens of a patient. In such embodiments,the container assembly 3300 can include a sufficient amount of the firstcomponent 1 and the second component 2 to deliver two separatebiomaterial products to the patient (one for each vas deferens). Suchmethods are described below with reference to the methods 20 and 30. Insuch embodiments, the system 3000 can be primed two times (once beforeeach of the injection events). The two priming events and the twoinjection events are described schematically in FIG. 15, which shows aschematic illustration of the first container 3301. As shown, the firstcontainer 3301 has a first end portion 3311 and a second end portion3312. The second end portion 3312 includes a flange 3314, which servesas a reference point for identifying the distances through which theelastomeric member 3315 (not shown in FIG. 15) is moved during each ofthe prime and injection operations.

As shown, the first container 3301 (and any of the containers describedherein) can be filled with the first component prior to being coupledwithin the delivery device 3100. The first container 3301 can beprefilled with the first component or alternative the user can mixand/or prepare the first component on site and then manually fill thefirst container 3301 before use. As shown, the amount of the firstcomponent within the first container 3301 will vary between a maximumfill volume (identified as FILLmax) and a minimum fill volume(identified as FILLmin). In use, upon initiating the first prime event,the movable member 3160 will move through a first prime distance from astarting position (i.e., a home position of the drive member 3160 and/orthe drive assembly 3150) to the first prime position (identified as P₁).During the first prime event, the first component 1 and the secondcomponent 2 will be conveyed from the first container 3301 and thesecond container 3302, respectively, and through the first lumen 3411and the second lumen 3412, respectively, of the connector 3400. Becausethe first component 1 is separate from the second component 2 within theconnector 3400, no crosslinking of the components takes place during thefirst prime operation. The user can wipe the residual material from thetip of the connector 3400. The system 3000 is then ready to be coupledto the delivery member 3500 to complete the first injection.

In use, upon initiating the first injection event, the movable member3160 moves through a first injection distance from the first primeposition P₁ to the first injection position (identified as INJ₁). Duringthe first injection event, additional amounts of the first component 1and the second component 2 will be conveyed from the first container3301 and the second container 3302, respectively, through the connector3400, into a mixing volume of the delivery member 3500, and through thedelivery member 3500 to the target location.

Because the first component 1 is separate from the second component 2within the connector 3400, no crosslinking of the components takes placeduring the first prime operation. The user can wipe the residualmaterial from the tip of the connector 3400. The system 3000 is thenready to be coupled to the delivery member 3500 to complete thecrosslinking of the two components and subsequently the first injection.As described herein, during the first injection event, the deliverycharacteristics of the first component 1 and the second component 2(i.e., the velocity, the flow rate, the maximum delivery force) can becontrolled to ensure that the delivered biomaterial product (e.g., thehydrogel) is fully formed within the delivery member 3500 before beingconveyed to the target location, and is conveyed in a repeatable,accurate manner that does not damage the target tissue. After completionof the first injection event the connector 3400 can be disconnected fromthe delivery member 3500.

The second prime event can be initiated to cause the movable member 3160to move through a second prime distance from the first injectionposition INJ₁ to a second prime position (identified as P₂). The secondprime event can be similar to the first prime event, as described above.Because the second prime event starts with the movable member 3160 atthe first injection position INJ₁, however, the system 3000 does notneed to account for variability in the initial fill amount of the firstcontainer 3301. Accordingly, the second prime distance can be less thanthe first prime distance. After the second prime event, the user canagain wipe the residual material from the tip of the connector 3400. Thesystem 3000 is then ready to be coupled to a second delivery member 3500(separate from the first delivery member) to complete the secondinjection. During the second injection event, the movable member 3160moves through a second injection distance from the second prime positionP₂ to the second injection position (identified as INJ₂). During thesecond injection event, additional amounts of the first component 1 andthe second component 2 will be conveyed from the first container 3301and the second container 3302, respectively, through the connector 3400,into a mixing volume of the second delivery member 3500, and through thesecond delivery member 3500 to the target location. The second injectionevent is similar to the first injection event described above. Uponcompletion of the second injection event, the container assembly 3300and delivery member 3500 can be removed from the device 3100 anddiscarded.

As described above, the drive member 3160 and/or the drive assembly 3150is associated with a starting (or home) position, which is the positionfrom which the drive member 3160 initially begins a sequence ofoperations and/or to which the drive member 3160 returns aftercompleting a sequence of operations. The home position can be maintainedat a constant (or substantially constant) distance from the flange 3314of the first container 3301 (and any of the containers describedherein). By maintaining a constant home position relative to thecontainer assembly 3300, the device 3100 can repeatably deliver thedesired amounts of the components for multiple different operations,with the same or different patients, using multiple different containerassemblies 3300.

In some embodiments, container assembly can include a cartridge or otherstructure to ensure that the containers therein coupled to the deliverydevice in the desired position (i.e., relative to the home position ofthe drive assembly). By using a cartridge that includes indexing and/oralignment features, the likelihood of misalignment and/or improperpositioning by the user can be minimized. For example, FIGS. 16-31 arevarious views of a system 4000 according to an embodiment, thatincludes, among other things, a cartridge for positioning of thecontainer assembly. The system 4000 includes the delivery device 4100(e.g., FIGS. 16 and 17), a container assembly 4300 (e.g., FIGS. 18 and22), a connector 4400 (e.g., FIGS. 18-20), and a delivery member 4500(e.g., FIGS. 27 and 28). The delivery device 4100 includes a housing4110, a drive assembly 4150, and an electronic control system 4200.

The housing 4110 includes a container receiving portion 4112 configuredto receive at least a portion of the container assembly 4300. Thecontainer receiving portion 4112 is an opened portion of the housing4110 that is bounded by a bottom surface against which the containerassembly 4300 and/or the cartridge 4350 can be placed. The containerreceiving portion 4112 includes a first retainer 4114 and a secondretainer 4115. As described in more detail below, the first retainer4114 engages the first engagement portion 4361 of the cartridge 4350(see FIG. 21) to retain the cartridge 4350 within the housing 4110 in afixed position. The second retainer 4115 engages the second engagementportion 4363 of the cartridge 4350 (see FIG. 21) to retain the cartridge4350 within the housing 4110 in the fixed position. The fixed positioncan be fixed relative to a home position of the drive assembly 4150and/or the drive member 4160. Additionally, as shown, the secondretainer 4115 includes a lock protrusion that can releasably retain thecartridge 4350 within the housing 4110. The second retainer 4115 isdeformable and can be deformed to move the lock protrusion from thesecond engagement portion 4363 to allow the cartridge 4350 to beremoved.

The housing 4110 also contains the drive assembly 4150 and theelectronic control system 4200. As shown, the housing 4110 includes ahandle 4120 that can be gripped and/or manipulated by a user duringoperation of the device. 4100. The housing 4110 can be made from anysuitable material or materials and can provide any suitable structuralcomponents to receive and/or retain the portion of the containerassembly 4300 and perform any of the functions described herein.

The container assembly 4300 includes a first container 4301 and a secondcontainer 4302. The first container 4301 has a first end portion 4311, asecond end portion 4312, and includes an elastomeric member (or stopper)4315 therein. The second end portion 4312 includes a flange 4314 thatcan be coupled within the cartridge 4350, as described below. The firstcontainer 4301 defines a volume that is bounded on one side by theelastomeric member 4315 and that contains a first component. The firstcontainer 4301 includes a first plunger 4320 having a first end portion4321 and a second end portion 4322. The first end portion 4321 ismovably disposed within the first container 4301 such that movement ofthe first plunger 4320 will cause movement of the elastomeric member4315 to convey the first component from the first container 4301. Thesecond end portion 4322 of the first plunger 4320 terminates in a flange4323 that is operably coupled to (e.g., is configured to engage) thedrive member 4160. The second container 4302 has a first end portion4331, a second end portion 4332, and includes an elastomeric member (orstopper) 4335 therein. The second end portion 4332 includes a flange4334 that can be coupled within the cartridge 4350, as described below.The second container 4302 defines a volume that is bounded on one sideby the elastomeric member 4335 and that contains a second component. Thesecond container 4302 includes a second plunger 4340 having a first endportion 4341 and a second end portion 4342. The first end portion 4341is movably disposed within the second container 4302 such that movementof the second plunger 4340 will cause movement of the elastomeric member4335 to convey the second component from the second container 4302. Thesecond end portion 4342 terminates in a flange 4343 that is operablycoupled to (e.g., is configured to engage) the drive member 4160

Referring to FIGS. 21 and 22, the cartridge 4350 defines a first recessor opening 4351 that receives a portion of the first container 4301(i.e., the container body) and a second recess or opening 4352 thatreceives a portion of the second container 4302 (i.e., the containerbody). The cartridge 4350 includes a first retainer (or clip) 4353, asecond retainer (or clip) 4354, a first engagement portion 4361, and asecond engagement portion 4363. The first retainer 4353 forms a boundaryof the first recess 4351 and engages the container body of the firstcontainer 4301 to retain the first container 4301 within the cartridge.The second retainer 4354 forms a boundary of the second recess 4352 andengages the container body of the second container 4302 to retain thesecond container 4302 within the cartridge. Either or both of the firstretainer 4353 and the second retainer 4354 can be deformable to form aninterference fit with the respective container body. In this manner, thecontainers can be securely fastened within the cartridge 4350. The firstretainer 4353 and the second retainer 4354 can position the containersin a fixed position in a first direction, i.e., normal to thelongitudinal center line CL of the container assembly 3300 and/or thedelivery device 3100. The cartridge 4350 define a flange slot 4355within which the flange 4314 (of the first container 3301) and theflange 4334 (of the second container 3302) are received. In this manner,the position of the containers along the center line CL can be fixed.

The first engagement portion 4361 of the cartridge define a notch 4362that receives and/or matingly engages the first retainer 4114 of thehousing 4110. The second engagement portion 4363 includes a surfaceagainst which the lock protrusion of the second retainer 4115 can engageto removably retain the cartridge 4350 (and therefore, the containerassembly 3300) within the housing 4110 (see e.g., FIGS. 24 and 25). Thisarrangement allows the cartridge 4350 to be coupled to the deliverydevice 4100 in a fixed position relative to a home position associatedwith the drive assembly 4150. In other embodiments, the housing candefine one or more recesses or notches and the cartridge can include oneor more protrusions to securely (and removably) couple the cartridge4350 to the housing 4110.

The plunger link 4370 is configured to be coupled to the flange 4323 ofthe first plunger 4320 and the flange 4343 of the second plunger 4340.Specifically, the plunger link 4370 defines a retention slot 4371 andincludes a surface against which the drive member 4160 can exert a driveforce. The retention slot 4371 receives the flange 4323 and the flange4343. The plunger link 4370 facilitates the use of a single driveassembly 4350 to produce the drive force to repeatably move both thefirst plunger 4320 and the second plunger 4340. In other embodiments,however, a plunger link is not included. In some embodiments, the firstplunger 4320 and the second plunger 4340 can include an engagementportion to couple or attach to the pistons (or stoppers) within eachcontainer.

The first component and the second component can be any of thebiomaterial components described herein. For example, in someembodiments, the first component and the second component can each be awater soluble component (e.g., monomer, macromer, polymer, or the like)that is capable of crosslinking (e.g., with the other component) to forma hydrogel (as the delivered biomaterial product). In some embodiments,the first component and the second component are formulated such thatthe resulting hydrogel has a gelation time of less than 5 minutes. Inother embodiments, the first component and the second component areformulated such that the resulting hydrogel has a gelation time of lessthan 2 minutes. In other embodiments, the first component and the secondcomponent are formulated such that the resulting hydrogel has a gelationtime of less than 1 minute. In yet other embodiments, the firstcomponent and the second component are formulated such that theresulting hydrogel has a gelation time of less than 30 seconds. In someembodiments, the first component is at least one of a polyvinyl alcohol,alginate or modified alginate, chitosan or modified chitosan,polyethyleneimine, carboxymethyl cellulose, and/or polyethylene glycolterminated with a biorthogonal functional group (e.g., amine, thiol,maleimide, azide, activated ester). The second component is at least oneof a water or buffer, water or buffer with divalent cations such ascalcium, a solution of reduced hyaluronic acid, a solution ofpolystyrene sulfonate, a solution of gelatin, and/or polyethylene glycolterminated with a biorthogonal functional group (e.g., amine, thiol,maleimide, azide, activated ester). In some embodiments, polyvinylalcohol, alginate, chitosan, polyethyleneimine, carboxymethyl cellulose,polyethylene glycol terminated with functional groups, divalent cations,reduced hyaluronic acid, polystyrene sulfonate, or gelatin have a weightpercent ranging from about 1 to 30% in solvent. In some embodiments thepolysaccharides may be modified with different functional groups. Insome embodiments the polysaccharides and proteins may range in molecularweight from 10,000-1,000,000 grams/mole. In some embodiments, thepolyvinyl alcohol, polystyrene sulfonate, polyethyleneimine, andpolyethylene glycol may be linear, Y-shaped, 3-arm, 4-arm, 6-arm, or8-arm and range in molecular weight from 1,000-1,000,000 grams/mole. Thehydrogel can be any of the hydrogels described herein and can have anyof the characteristics as indicated herein. For example, in someembodiments, the formed hydrogel can be at least 90 percent water.

The container assembly 4300 is configured to be coupled to the connector4400, which is, in turn, coupled to a delivery member 4500. By havingthe containers as separate articles from the connector 4400 and deliverymember 4500, the first component and the second component can each beprepared within the container assembly 4300 (e.g. via mixing, dilution,etc.) separately from when connector 4400 is attached. In otherembodiments, however, the container assembly 4300 can be provided as aprefilled assembly and include prefilled syringes or prefilledcartridges. In some embodiments, the prefilled assembly can be providedwith premixed components, or the prefilled assembly can be provided withseparate powder(s) and solvent(s) that can be combined prior to use withthe delivery device 4100.

The connector 4400 can be similar to any of the connectors describedherein, and includes a first (or input) end portion 4401 and a second(or output) end portion 4402. The first end portion includes a firstinlet 4404 that is coupled to a tip (or connector) of the firstcontainer 4301 (e.g., via the flange 4405, which can be coupled to aluer connector, not shown, of the first container 4401). The first endportion includes a second inlet 4406 that is coupled to a tip (orconnector) of the second container 4302 (e.g., via the flange 4407,which can be coupled to a luer connector, not shown, of the secondcontainer 4402). The second end portion 4402 is configured to be coupledto the delivery member 4500 (see FIG. 27). The second end portion 4402includes a fitting 4420, which can rotate relative to the connector 4400to couple to a mating flange of the hub 4520 of the delivery member4500. In some embodiments, the fitting 4420 and the connector 4400 caninclude one or more indicators to provide a visual cue to a user toconfirm that a secure connection has been made. In some embodiments, theconnector 4400 and the delivery member 4500 can include one or moreindicators to provide a visual cue to a user to confirm that a secureconnection has been made. In some embodiments, a sensor can be providedin (or associated with) the connector 4400 and/or the delivery member4500 to detect a secure connection. For example, the sensor cancommunicate with the electronic control system 4200 to provide anaudible or visual cue to the user that a secure connection has beenmade, or a warning if a secure connection has not been made. In someembodiments, the sensor can communicate with the electronic controlsystem 4200 to prohibit the drive assembly 4150 from operating in theevent of an incomplete or improper connection.

Similar to the connector 3400 described above, the connector 4400defines a first passageway placing the first inlet 4404 in fluidcommunication with a first outlet 4415 (see FIG. 20) and a secondpassageway placing the second inlet 4406 in fluid communication with asecond outlet 4416. In this manner, the first component can be conveyedfrom the first container 4301, into the first end portion of theconnector 4400, and out of the first outlet 4415 into a mixing volume4521 of the delivery member 4500. Similarly, the second component can beconveyed from the second container 4302, into the first end portion ofthe connector 4400, and out of the second outlet 4416 into the mixingvolume 4521 of the delivery member 4500. Thus, the connector 4400maintains the first component separate from the second component, andthe two components are conveyed into and mixed within the hub 4520 ofthe delivery member 4500. By maintaining separate flow paths within theconnector 4400, the reaction (e.g., crosslinking) between the firstcomponent and the second component can be performed outside of theconnector 4400 (i.e., within the delivery member 4500), thereby limitingthe likelihood of clogging with the connector 4400. In this manner, theconnector 4400 can be used for multiple injections.

The delivery member 4500 includes a catheter 4510 coupled to a hub 4520.The hub 4520 includes a flange or other suitable fastening mechanisms bywhich the hub 4520 can be coupled to the fitting 4420 of the connector4400. As shown in FIG. 27, the hub 4520 defines a mixing volume 4521within which the first component and the second component can beconveyed and mixed together. The catheter 4510 includes a first end 4511coupled to the hub 4520 and a second end 4512 that can be inserted intoa body lumen or other target location.

The drive assembly 4150 can be any suitable assembly or mechanism thatproduces a drive force to convey the first biomaterial component and thesecond biomaterial component from the container assembly 4300. As shown,the drive assembly 4150 includes an electromechanical driver 4152 and adrive member 4160. The electromechanical driver 4152 can be any of theelectromechanical drivers described herein, and in this embodiment, is alinear actuator powered by a stepper motor that produces the driveforce. The drive member 4160 has an end portion 4162 that is operablycoupled to the container assembly 4300 by a contact surface 4163.Specifically, the contact surface 4163 can engage the correspondingsurface of the plunger link 4370 such that, upon actuation, the driveassembly 4150 can move the first plunger 4320 and the second plunger4340 along the longitudinal center line CL. In some embodiments, thedrive assembly 4150 can include one or more springs and dampers inaddition to, or in lieu of, the electromechanical driver 4152 to providecontrolled actuation of the first plunger 4320 and the second plunger4340 along the longitudinal center line CL.

The electronic control system 4200 controls the electromechanical driver4152 and other aspects of the drive assembly 4150 to control thedelivery characteristics of the first component, the second component,and/or the delivered product, as described herein. Moreover, theelectronic control system 4200 can cause the drive assembly 4150 toproduce separate movement associated with a priming operation and aninjection operation, as described above with reference to the system3000. The electronic control system 4200 can be similar to (and includeany of the features of) the electronic control system 2200 and theelectronic control system 3200. For example, although not shown, theelectronic control system 4200 can include one or more sensors, one ormore processors, one or more memory components, and various modules,such as a drive module and a user interface module. As shown, theelectronic control system 4200 includes an actuator (or trigger) 4230and a set of output devices 4221. Although not shown, the electroniccontrol system 4200 can include various user input switches, such as aprime switch and/or an injection switch, as described above withreference to the system 3000. The electronic control system 4200 ispowered by a power supply 4240. The power supply 4240 can be anysuitable power supply, such as a battery (including a rechargeablebattery), an AC to DC converter (e.g., to facilitate an AC powereddevice). The actuator 4230 can provide input to the electronic controlsystem 4200 via a user interface module (not shown, but which can besimilar to the user interface module 2206 described above).

In use, the electronic control system 4200 can control the driveassembly 4150 based on the user input received to produce any of a primesignal, an injection signal, and a drive signal, as described above. Forexample, the electronic control system 4200 (and/or the drive module)can produce, control, and/or adjust a drive signal to control theelectromechanical driver to maintain an exit force of the biomaterialproduct (e.g., hydrogel) being conveyed out of the delivery member 4500below an exit force threshold, as described herein. In some embodiments,the electronic control system 4200 (and/or the drive module) canproduce, control, and/or adjust a drive signal to control theelectromechanical driver to maintain a velocity of the first component,the second component, and/or the delivered biomaterial product within adesired velocity range, as described herein.

FIG. 32 is a flow chart illustrating a method 20 of delivering abiomaterial product, according to an embodiment. Although the method 20is described in connection with the delivery system 4000, in otherembodiments the method 20 can be performed with any of the systems,delivery devices, and components described herein, such as, for example,the delivery systems 1000, 2000, and 3000 and/or the delivery devices1100, 2100, and 3100 described herein. In some embodiments, thecartridge assembly can be prepared in advance of the delivery operation.For example, the first component can be prepared and loaded into a firstcontainer (or syringe) and the second component can be prepared andloaded into a second container (or syringe). Referring to FIG. 22, thecontainers can then be placed into a cartridge (e.g., the cartridge4350). As shown in FIGS. 23 and 24, the container assembly 4300(including the cartridge 4350) can be loaded into the containerreceiving portion 4112 of the housing 4100. Specifically, the cartridge4350 can be aligned to receive the first retainer 4114 within the notch4362. The cartridge 4350 can be rotated, as shown by the arrow CC inFIG. 24, and the second retainer 4115 can be secured about the secondengagement portion 4363.

After the container assembly is loaded, the method includes coupling aninlet of a connector to a container assembly, at 21. As shown anddescribed above, the connector (e.g., connector 4400) can be coupled toeach of the containers via a luer fitting or the like. The system canthen be primed, as described above with respect to the system 3000.Specifically, the method includes priming the connector by conveying afirst portion of the first component from the container assembly to afirst outlet (e.g., the first outlet 4415) of the connector andconveying a first portion of the second component from the containerassembly to a second outlet (e.g., the second outlet 4416) of theconnector, at 22. Any residual amounts of the components can optionallybe wiped from the end surface 4413 of the connector.

After the priming, a delivery member is coupled to the connector toplace the first outlet of the connector and the second outlet of theconnector in fluid communication with a mixing volume defined by thedelivery member, at 23. Referring to FIG. 27, the connector 4400 can becoupled to the delivery member 4500 by moving the end surface 4413 ofthe connector into the hub 4520 of the delivery member 4500. The fitting4420 is then coupled to a flange of the hub 4520. In some embodiments,the fitting 4420 can be a swivel fitting that rotates relative to theconnector 4400 to couple to the delivery member. In this manner, thedistal surface 4413, including the first outlet 4415 and the secondoutlet 4416 are within the mixing volume 4521 of the hub. In someembodiments, the portions of the first component and the secondcomponent can be conveyed automatically in response to the useractuating an “prime” switch and/or a trigger, as described above withreference the system 3000.

After the delivery member is coupled to the connector, a second portionof the first component and a second portion of the second component arethen conveyed into the mixing volume, at 24. The second portion of thefirst component crosslinks with the second portion of the secondcomponent to form a hydrogel (i.e., a delivered biomaterial product)within the delivery member. In some embodiments, the hydrogel has ashort gelation time and is conveyed at a low velocity such that thehydrogel is fully formed within the mixing volume. In other embodiments,the formation of the hydrogel (i.e., the crosslinking reaction) canoccur in the mixing volume and the catheter portion such that thehydrogel is fully formed upon exiting the delivery member. The methodfurther includes conveying the hydrogel out of the delivery member viaan outlet portion of the delivery member, at 25. In some embodiments,the portions of the first component and the second component can beconveyed automatically in response to the user actuating an “inject”switch and/or a trigger, as described above with reference the system3000.

In some embodiments, the hydrogel can be any of the hydrogels describedherein and can be conveyed into a body lumen. For example, in someembodiments, the hydrogel can be conveyed into a vas deferens to form anocclusion therein in order to block sperm as a form of contraception.

In some embodiments, the conveying of the components can be controlledby any of the electronic control systems described herein. For example,in some embodiments, components can be conveyed at a velocity within apredetermined velocity range and/or with a drive force below a driveforce threshold. In some embodiments, the hydrogel can be conveyed intoa body lumen in less than 30 seconds. In some embodiments, the conveyingthe hydrogel out of the delivery member includes conveying between about50 microliters and about 200 microliters in between about 5 seconds andabout 20 seconds.

In some embodiments, the method can include use the system and the samecontainer assembly to perform a second injection (e.g., into a secondbody lumen of the patient). In such embodiments, the method 20 canoptionally include removing the first delivery member from theconnector, at 26. The connector can then optionally be primed a secondtime, after removing the first delivery member, at 27. The secondpriming can be performed by conveying a third portion of the firstcomponent to the first outlet of the connector and conveying a thirdportion of the second component to the second outlet of the connector.

After the second priming, a second delivery member is optionally coupledto the connector to place the first outlet of the connector and thesecond outlet of the connector in fluid communication with a mixingvolume defined by the second delivery member, at 28. After the seconddelivery member is coupled to the connector, a fourth portion of thefirst component and a fourth portion of the second component are thenconveyed into the mixing volume, at 29. The fourth portion of the firstcomponent crosslinks with the fourth portion of the second component toform a second hydrogel (i.e., a second delivered biomaterial product)within the second delivery member.

In some embodiments, any of the systems described herein can be used todeliver a biomaterial product into each of the two vas deferens of apatient. After delivery, the biomaterial product can then occlude thelumen of the vas deferens to block the flow of sperm therethrough.Notably, the procedure can be completed using a single containerassembly. This is advantageous because the components used to form eachof the delivered biomaterial products are prepared once for bothinjections. Additionally, the single container assembly is only loadedonce into the delivery device. By reducing the number of steps, theprocedure can be streamlined and more efficient.

FIG. 33 is a flow chart illustrating a method 30 of delivering abiomaterial product, according to an embodiment, which is describedbelow with reference to FIGS. 34-36. Although the method 30 is describedin connection with the delivery system 4000, in other embodiments themethod 30 can be performed with any of the systems, delivery devices,and components described herein, such as, for example, the deliverysystems 1000, 2000, and 3000 and/or the delivery devices 1100, 2100, and3100 described herein. In some embodiments, the cartridge assembly canbe prepared in advance of the delivery operation. For example, the firstcomponent can be prepared and loaded into a first container (or syringe)and the second component can be prepared and loaded into a secondcontainer (or syringe). The containers can then be optionally be placedinto a cartridge (e.g., the cartridge 4350). The method includescoupling the container assembly to a delivery device, at 31. Thecontainer assembly includes a first component and a second componentseparate from the first component. In some embodiments, the containerassembly can include a single container similar to the containerassembly 2300 described above. The delivery device can be any of thedelivery devices described herein and includes a drive assembly.

A first delivery member is inserted into a first body lumen, at 32.Referring to FIG. 34, the first delivery member can be the deliverymember 4500 and the inserting can include inserting the end portion 4512into a first vas deferens VD of a patient. After the first deliverymember is inserted, the first delivery member coupled to the containerassembly, at 33. In some embodiments, the system can be primed beforethe first delivery member is coupled to the container assembly, asdescribed above. Referring to FIG. 35, the first delivery member 4500can be coupled to the container assembly via the connector 4400. Thecoupling can be completed by rotating at least one of the fitting 4420or the delivery member 4500 relative to the other.

The delivery device is actuated to cause the drive assembly to produce afirst drive force to convey a first portion of the first component and afirst portion of the second component from the container assembly andthrough the first delivery member, at 34. The first component crosslinkswith the second component to form a first hydrogel within the firstdelivery member. The continued conveying causes the first hydrogel to beconveyed into the first body lumen. Referring to FIG. 36, the firsthydrogel (identified as the biomaterial product 3) is conveyed into thevas deferens VD as shown by the arrow GG. The delivery can be controlledas described herein to produce a desired volume and/or length of thefirst hydrogel within the vas deferens.

After the first actuating, the first delivery member is decoupled fromthe container assembly, at 35. The first delivery member can optionallybe removed and discarded. A second delivery member is inserted into asecond body lumen, at 36. The second delivery member can be the deliverymember 4500 and the inserting can include inserting the end portion 4512into a first vas deferens VD of a patient. After the second deliverymember is inserted, the second delivery member coupled to the containerassembly, at 37.

The delivery device is actuated at second time to cause the driveassembly to produce a second drive force to convey a second portion ofthe first component and a second portion of the second component fromthe container assembly and through the second delivery member, at 38.The first component crosslinks with the second component to form asecond hydrogel within the second delivery member. The continuedconveying causes the second hydrogel to be conveyed into the second bodylumen.

Although in many instances it can be undesirable to deliver anysubstance other than the therapeutic material into the body, the systemsdescribed herein can be used to advantageously prime (or prepare) avessel within which the biomaterial product is to be delivered.Similarly stated, in some embodiments, a method can include delivering apriming fluid (e.g., air, saline, or any other suitable inert fluid)into the target vessel before delivering the biomaterial product.Delivery of a priming fluid can prepare the body lumen by dilating (orenlarging) the body lumen, washing away impurities, and/or by producinga coating on the walls that can improve the efficacy of the deliveredbiomaterial product and aid in proper placement of the biomaterialproduct.

FIG. 37 is a flow chart illustrating a method 40 of delivering abiomaterial product, according to an embodiment, which is describedbelow with reference to FIGS. 38 and 39. The method 40 can be performedwith any of the systems, delivery devices, and components describedherein, such as, for example, the delivery systems 1000, 2000, 3000, and4000 and/or the delivery devices 1100, 2100, 3100, and 4100 describedherein. In some embodiments, the cartridge assembly can be prepared inadvance of the delivery operation. For example, the first component canbe prepared and loaded into a first container (or syringe) and thesecond component can be prepared and loaded into a second container (orsyringe). The containers can then be optionally be placed into acartridge (e.g., the cartridge 4350). The method includes inserting anoutlet portion of a delivery member into the body lumen, at 41. Thedelivery member can be any of the delivery members described herein(e.g., the delivery member 4500) and the outlet portion can be insertedinto any body lumen, such as a vas deferens VD of a patient. Thedelivery member is inserted such that a coupling portion (e.g., similarto the hub 4520) is outside of the body.

In some embodiments, the system can optionally be primed before thefirst delivery member is coupled to the container assembly, at 42. Thesystem priming (not to be confused with the priming of the vessel) canbe performed by any of the methods described above. For example, in someembodiments, the system priming can include priming an outlet portion ofthe container assembly by conveying a portion of the first componentfrom the container assembly to a first outlet of the container assemblyand conveying a portion of the second component from the containerassembly to a second outlet of the container assembly.

After the delivery member is inserted, the coupling portion of thedelivery member is coupled to the container assembly, at 43. Thecoupling is performed such that a bolus of air is retained within atleast a portion of the delivery member. In other embodiments, however, abolus of any fluid can be used to prime the vessel. For example, in someembodiments, a predetermined amount of a saline solution can be placedinto the delivery member (e.g., the mixing volume 4521) before thedelivery member is coupled to the container assembly.

The method then includes conveying the first component and the secondcomponent into the delivery member, at 44. The first componentcrosslinks with the second component to form a hydrogel within thedelivery member. The conveying the first component and the secondcomponent into the delivery member also causes the bolus of air to bedelivered into the body lumen via the outlet portion of the deliverymember. For example, FIGS. 38 and 39 show cross-sectional views ofportion of a vas deferens VD in which the biomaterial product is to beimplanted. FIG. 38 shows the cross-sectional shape of the lumen L beforethe bolus of air (or priming fluid) is delivered. As shown, thecross-sectional shape is irregular and includes many sharp bends (i.e.,areas of small radius of curvature). FIG. 39 shows the cross-sectionalshape of the lumen L after the bolus of air (or priming fluid) has beendelivered. As shown, delivery of priming fluid expands the lumen L andreduces the irregularity and sharp bends in the lumen L. In this manner,the priming of the vessel produces a section of the vessel that willproduce better adherence and/or retention of the delivered biomaterial.After the initial conveying of the first component and the secondcomponent into the delivery member, the hydrogel is conveyed into thebody lumen via the outlet portion of the delivery member, at 45.

FIG. 40 is a bar graph demonstrating the accuracy and precision of usingan automated injection device, as described in embodiments in thisinvention, versus a free-hand injection device, which requires the userto press on a thumb clip to inject. Both the automated and free-handdevices have similar components including syringes, plungers,Y-connector, delivery member (e.g., angiocatheter), and polymermaterials. Testing of the free-hand injections into synthetic modeltubing across six users (n=207) demonstrated high accuracy of plugvolume; however, the precision was low and users experienced clogging ofthe device 5% of the time. The automated device, on the other hand, hadhigh accuracy and precision for all implantations (n=28) and there werezero clogs reported. This highlights the improvements provided by theautomated devices described herein, which can allow users (i.e.physicians) to reliably implant biomaterials even amongst thepatient-to-patient variability. Specifically by controlling delivery ofthe implanted material by a device and not by forces generated by theuser's hands, the performance of the delivery is improved. The volumedisplayed does not include the dead volume of the needle or catheter,rather only the volume that exited the tip of the catheter or needle.

FIG. 41 is a bar graph demonstrating the use and precision of anembodiment described herein. The automated device was able to delivertwo-component polymer hydrogels (n=10) with implant volumes thatprecisely corresponded to the target delivery volumes. No clogs wereobserved for any group. The volume displayed does not include the deadvolume of the needle or catheter, rather only the volume that exited thetip of the catheter or needle.

FIG. 42 is a bar graph demonstrating the use of an embodiment of anautomated device to form different implant lengths (also known as pluglengths) into synthetic tubing (0.8 mm in inner diameter). Plug lengthsranged from 1.5 cm to 8 cm depending on the injection volume. Followingimplantation, the plugs were subjected to burst-pressure testing ofsaline at 10 lbF (120× in vivo pressures). The graph depicts that plugsof 1.5 cm in length were not able to withstand burst-pressure testing,while plugs greater than 2 cm were able to withstand the burst pressure.This data underscores the importance of controlling the velocity, flowrate and/or drive force to ensure a desired volume and/or length of thedelivered biomaterial is achieved.

FIGS. 43-47 show a delivery system 5000 according to an embodiment. Asdescribed herein, the delivery system 5000 is configured to convey andcombine multiple biomaterial components to form a biomaterial productthat is delivered to a target location.

The system 5000 includes a delivery device 5100, a drive assembly 5150,an electronic control system 5200, a container assembly 5300, and aconnector 5400. The delivery device 5100 includes a housing 5110, adrive assembly 5150, and a handle portion 5120. The handle portion 5120can include a textured or perforated surface 5121 to improve grip.Similar to other container assemblies described above, the containerassembly 5300 includes a first container 5301 and a second container5302. The container assembly 5300 further includes a first end 5331configured to couple to the connector 5400, and a second end 5332 thatincludes a flange portion 5343 configured to receive an input force fromthe drive assembly 5150. The drive system 5150 is configured to drivethe flange portion 5343, which in turn actuates the plungers 5340 toexpel a first component from the first container 5301 and a secondcomponent from the second container 5302. As the first and secondcomponents are expelled from the first container 5301 and the secondcontainer 5302, respectively, the first and second components areconveyed to the connector 5400. The components can be mixed,crosslinked, and dispensed from the connector 5400 in the same manner asother connectors described above.

The electronic control system 5200 is configured to control theactuation and output of the drive assembly 5150 and is operable tocontrol delivery characteristics of the delivery device 5100 in the samemanner as other delivery devices and methods described above. Theelectronic control system 5200 includes one or more buttons 5230. Insome embodiments, the one or more buttons 5230 include a first button5231, a second button 5232, a third button 5233, and a fourth button5234. The first, second, and third buttons 5231, 5232, 5233 arepositioned above the handle portion 5120 and permit a user to access thefirst, second, and third buttons 5231, 5232, 5233 via their thumb whilegripping the handle portion 5120. The fourth button 5234 is positionedbehind the handle portion 5120 and permits a user to access the fourthbutton 5234 via their index finger while gripping the handle portion5120, for example. The electronic control system 5200 further includesan indicator 5220 to provide visual feedback to a user. For example, theindicator 5220 may include one or more lights 5221, 5222. The lights5221, 5222 may illuminate to display different colors of light and/ordifferent solid or flashing patterns to provide visual feedback oroperating status of the delivery device 5100 to a user. In someembodiments, the indicator 5220 may further include a display (notshown) to show text, numbers, or symbols to provide additional visualfeedback to a user.

The first button 5231 is configured as a power button to turn on and offthe delivery device 5100. The second button 5232 is configured as aprime button for performing a priming operation (e.g., actuating thedrive assembly 5150 to convey the first component and the secondcomponent into the connector 5400). For example, the delivery device5100 is operable to perform any of the priming operations describedherein. The third button 5233 is configured as an injection button forperforming an injection operation (e.g., mixing the two components toform a biomaterial and dispensing the biomaterial from the connector andinto a body lumen). For example, the delivery device 5100 is operable toperform any of the injection or controlled delivery operations describedherein. The fourth button 5234 is configured as a trigger button. Forexample, depressing either the second button 5232 or the third button5233 may initiate the delivery device 5100 for the priming operation orthe injection operation, respectively. The delivery device 5100 mayconfirm the selected operation by blinking one or more of the lights5221, 5222, and/or illuminating a green color, for example. To confirmand proceed with the selected operation, a user depresses the fourthbutton 5234. After the fourth button 5234 is depressed, the deliverydevice 5100 executes the selected operation.

In some embodiments, the electronic control system 5200 is coupled to apower source 5240 via a charge port or connector 5241 to supplyelectrical power to the delivery device 5100. The delivery device 5100may be fully powered by the power source 5240, partially powered by thepower source 5240, and/or recharged via the power source 5240. Digitaland analog signals may also be transmitted to and from the deliverydevice 5100 via the connector 5241.

As shown generally in FIG. 45, the housing 5110 includes a movable lid5140 to surround and/or secure the container assembly 5300 to thehousing 5110. The movable lid 5140 can be opened by a hinge mechanism,sliding the cover, and/or removed from the delivery device 5100 in orderto access, install, and/or remove the container assembly 5300 from aninternal area of the housing 5110. When the movable lid 5140 is liftedoff of the delivery device 5100 in an open position, the containerassembly 5300 is accessible. In the open position, an internal area ofthe housing 5110 is exposed for the container assembly 5300 to beinserted into, mounted onto or removed from the housing 5110 of thedelivery device 5100. For example, a new container assembly may beinstalled into the housing 5110 prior to a new procedure and removedfrom the housing 5110 once the procedure has been completed. In someembodiments, the container assembly 5300 is a consumable component andthe delivery device 5100 is a reusable component.

The movable lid 5140 and the delivery device 5100 may include hinges orcomplementary mounting tabs (not shown) to removably secure the movablelid 5140 to the delivery device 5100 in a closed position. Additionally,or alternatively, the movable lid 5140 and the delivery device 5100 mayinclude complementary tracks, detents, and/or magnetic features (notshown) to removably secure the movable lid 5140 in a closed position.

As shown in FIG. 45, the container assembly 5300 includes a cartridge5350. The cartridge 5350 includes a first recessed portion 5351 forreceiving the first container 5301 and the second container 5302 of thecontainer assembly 5300. The cartridge 5350 further includes a secondrecessed portion 5352 for receiving and securing the connector 5400 tothe cartridge 5350. The cartridge 5350 includes one or more ribs 5353 orbumpers 5354 to prevent the first and second containers 5301, 5302 andthe connector 5400 from moving in an axial direction when installed ontothe cartridge 5350. The first recessed portion 5351 and the secondrecessed portion 5352 can be dimensioned and shaped to provide africtional fit to prevent the container assembly 5300 and the connector5400 from moving in a lateral direction.

On a side opposite of the first recessed portion 5351 and/or the secondrecessed portion 5352 (e.g., bottom side of the cartridge 5350 in FIG.45), the cartridge 5350 includes a mounting portion to secure and alignthe cartridge 5350 to the housing 5110 of the delivery device 5100. Insome embodiments, a kit including the cartridge 5350 with the containerassembly 5300 and the connector 5400 is preinstalled and assembled ontothe cartridge 5350 such that a user can install the cartridge 5350directly onto the housing 5110 for ease of use and efficiency.Additionally, because the locations of the container assembly 5300relative to the cartridge 5350 is known, and the cartridge 5350 iscoupled to the housing 5110 at a predefined location on the housing5110, along an axis of travel of the plungers 5340, separate alignmentand calibration steps are not required. Furthermore, alignment of thecartridge 5350 on the housing 5110 via the mounting portion enables thedrive assembly 5150 to engage the plungers 5340 at a predetermined homeposition inadvertently actuating the plungers 5340. As such, themounting portion automatically aligns and predictably orients thecontainer assembly 5300 onto the housing 5110 such that the driveassembly 5150 engages the plungers 5340 consistently at a predeterminedhome position without inadvertently actuating the plungers 5340. Forexample, the drive assembly 5150 may be placed in a retracted position(e.g., a home position described herein) such that the cartridge 5350and container assembly 5300 do not engage the drive assembly 5150 duringinstallation onto the housing 5110. This prevents the plungers 5340 fromactuating inadvertently. Once the cartridge 5350 and container assembly5300 have been installed on the housing 5110, the drive assembly 5150can perform the priming operation and/or injection operation using knownlocations based on the home position, described herein, therebyeliminating the need for a separate alignment or calibration procedure.

In some embodiments, the cartridge 5350 and the container assembly 5300are provided as consumable components that can be quickly installed intoand aligned with the housing 5110 of the delivery device 5100.

FIGS. 47-52 show a delivery system 6000 according to an embodiment. Asdescribed herein, the delivery system 6000 is configured to convey andcombine multiple biomaterial components to form a biomaterial productthat is delivered to a target location.

The system 6000 includes a delivery device 6100, a drive assembly 6150,an electronic control system 6200, a container assembly 6300, and aconnector 6400. The delivery device 6100 includes a housing 6110, adrive assembly 6150, and a handle portion 6120. Similar to the othercontainer assemblies described above, the container assembly 6300includes a first container 6301 and a second container 6302. Thecontainer assembly 6300 further includes a first end 6331 configured tocouple to the connector 6400, and a second end 6332 that includes aflange portion 6343 configured to receive an input force from the driveassembly 5150. The drive system 6150 is configured to drive the flangeportion 6343, which in turn actuates the plungers 6340 to expel a firstcomponent from the first container 6301 and a second component from thesecond container 6302. As the first and second components are expelledfrom the first container 6301 and the second container 6302,respectively, the first and second components are conveyed to theconnector 6400. The components can be mixed, crosslinked, and dispensedfrom the connector 6400 in the same manner as other connectors describedabove.

The electronic control system 6200 is configured to control theactuation and output of the drive assembly 6150 and is operable tocontrol delivery characteristics of the delivery device 6100 in the samemanner as the other delivery devices and methods described above. Theelectronic control system 6200 includes one or more buttons 6230. Thefirst button 6231 is positioned at a base of the handle portion 6120.The second and third buttons 6232, 6233 are positioned above the handleportion 6120 and permits a user to access the second and third buttons6232, 6233 via their thumb while gripping the handle portion 6120. Thefourth button 6234 is positioned behind the handle portion 6120 andpermits a user to access the fourth button 6234 via their index fingerwhile gripping the handle portion 6120, for example. The electroniccontrol system 6200 further includes a first indicator 6221 and a secondindicator 6222 to provide visual feedback to a user. For example, thefirst indicator 6221 and the second indicator 6222 may include abacklight to illuminate a symbol or logo associated with the secondbutton 6232 and the third button 6233, respectively.

The first button 6231 is configured as a power button to turn on and offthe delivery device 6100. The second button 6232 is configured as aprime button for performing a priming operation (e.g., actuating thedrive assembly 6150 to convey the first component and the secondcomponent into the connector 6400). The delivery device 6100 is operableto perform any of the priming operations described herein. The thirdbutton 6233 is configured as an injection button for initiating aninjection operation (e.g., mixing the two components to form abiomaterial and dispensing the biomaterial into a body lumen). Thedelivery device 6100 is operable to perform any of the injection orcontrolled delivery operations described herein. The fourth button 6234can be programmed or assigned as a trigger button. For example,depressing either the second button 6232 or the third button 6233 mayprepare the delivery device 6100 for the priming operation or theinjection operation, respectively. The delivery device 6100 may confirmthe selected operation by illuminating or blinking the backlit indicator6221, 6222 associated with the second button 6232 or the third button6233. To confirm and proceed with the selected operation, a userdepresses the fourth button 6234. After the fourth button 6234 isdepressed, the delivery device 6100 executes the selected operation. Inan alternative embodiment, depressing the second button 6232 initiatesthe priming operation, depressing the third button 6233 imitates amixing of the two components, and depressing the fourth button 6234initiates the injection operation, after the third button 6233 has beendepressed and the two components have begun mixing. In some embodiments,the first button 6231 (or any of the power buttons described herein) caninitiate a start-up procedure to cycle the drive assembly 6150 throughits entire range of motion, or range of motion required for a desiredoperation, to verify that the drive components of the drive assembly6150 are functioning properly. If a fault is detected during thestart-up procedure, the electronic control system 6200 (or any otherelectronic control systems described here) can prevent the primingoperation or the injection operation from executing.

As shown in FIGS. 49 and 51, the housing 6110 includes a first retainerportion 6116, a second retainer portion 6117, and a third retainerportion 6118. At least one of the first retainer portion 6116, thesecond retainer portion 6117, or the third retainer portion 6118 isconfigured to secure the container assembly 6300 to the housing 6110. Inone embodiment, the first retainer portion 6116 and the second retainerportion 6117 include a C-shaped or U-shaped cross-section configured togrip an outer surface of the first container 6301 and the secondcontainer 6302. The third retainer portion 6118 extends from a basesurface of the housing 6110 and abuts a second end 6332 of the containerassembly 6300. The third retainer portion 6118 prevents the containerassembly 6300 from moving in the axial direction. The location of theretainer portion 6118 enables the container assembly 6300 to beinstalled onto the housing 6110 at a predefined location along an axisof travel of the plungers 6340. The first and second retainer portions6116, 6117 further prevent lateral movement of the container assembly6300 relative to the axis of travel of the plungers 6340. As such, thecontainer assembly 6300 can be predictably installed onto the housing6110 such that the drive assembly 6150 engages the plungers 6340consistently at a predetermined home position without inadvertentlyactuating the plungers 6340. For example, the drive assembly 6150 may beplaced in a retracted position (e.g., a home position described herein)such that the container assembly 6300 does not engage the drive assembly6150 during installation onto the housing 6110. This prevents theplungers 6340 from actuating inadvertently. Once the container assembly6300 has been installed on the housing 6110, the drive assembly 6150 canperform the priming operation and/or injection operation using knownlocations based on the home position, described herein, therebyeliminating the need for a separate alignment or calibration procedure.

FIGS. 53-56 show a delivery system 7000 according to an embodiment. Asdescribed herein, the delivery system 7000 is configured to convey andcombine multiple biomaterial components to form a biomaterial productthat is delivered to a target location.

The system 7000 includes a delivery device 7100, an electronic controlsystem 7200, a container assembly 7300, and a connector 7400. Thedelivery device 7100 includes a housing 7110, a drive assembly 7150, anda handle portion 7120. As shown in FIGS. 53 and 54, the housing 7110extends from a proximal end portion 7111 to a distal end portion 7112.The handle portion 7120 extends from the distal end portion 7112. Thehandle portion 7120 can include a textured or perforated surface 7121 toimprove grip. The handle portion 7120 can further include a wristsupport portion 7122 to further improve stability of the delivery device7100 in the hand of a user during operation.

Similar to the other container assemblies described above, the containerassembly 7300 includes a first container 7301 and a second container7302. The container assembly 7300 further includes a first end 7331configured to couple to the connector 7400, and a second end 7332 thatincludes a flange portion 7343 configured to receive an input force fromthe drive assembly 7150. The drive system 7150 is configured to drivethe flange portion 7343 and in turn actuate the plungers 7340 to expel afirst component from the first container 7301 and a second componentfrom the second container 7302. As the first and second components areexpelled from the first container 7301 and the second container 7302,respectively, the first and second components are conveyed to theconnector 7400. The components can be mixed, crosslinked, and dispensedfrom the connector 7400 in the same manner as other connectors describedabove.

The electronic control system 7200 is configured to control theactuation and output of the drive assembly 7150 and is operable tocontrol delivery characteristics of the delivery device 7100 in the samemanner as the other delivery devices and methods described above. Theelectronic control system 7200 includes one or more buttons 7230. Afirst button 7321 is positioned on the proximal end portion 7111 of thehousing 7110.

As shown in FIGS. 53 and 56, the second and third buttons 7232, 7233 arepositioned above the handle portion 7120 on either side of the housing7110. The fourth button 7234 is positioned on the handle portion 7120and permits a user to access the fourth button 7234 via their thumbwhile gripping the handle portion 7120, for example. The electroniccontrol system 7200 further includes one or more visual indicators 7221,7222, 7223. For example, the one or more visual indicators 7221, 7222,7223 can be LED indicators to provide visual feedback or operatingstatus of the delivery device 7100 to a user. In some embodiments, anoperation or work light 7224 is provided at the distal end portion 7112of the housing 7110 to provide additional illumination on an operatingarea of a patient. In some embodiments, the work light 7224 can beilluminated when the first button 7231 is pressed, or can be illuminatedvia a separate light button (not shown).

The first button 7231 is configured as a power button to turn on and offthe delivery device 7100. The second button 7232 is configured as aprime button for initiating a priming operation (e.g., actuating thedrive assembly 7150 to convey the first component and the secondcomponent into the connector 7400). The delivery device 7100 is operableto perform any of the priming operations described herein. The thirdbutton 7233 is configured as an injection button for initiating aninjection operation (e.g., mixing the two components to form abiomaterial and dispensing the biomaterial into a body lumen). Thedelivery device 7100 is operable to perform any of the injection orcontrolled delivery operations described herein. The fourth button 7234can be programmed or assigned as a trigger button. For example,depressing either the second button 7232 or the third button 7233 mayprepare the delivery device 7100 for the priming operation or theinjection operation, respectively. The delivery device 7100 may confirmthe selected operation by illuminating or blinking one or more of theLED indicators 7221, 7222, 7223. To confirm and proceed with theselected operation, a user depresses the fourth button 7234. After thefourth button 7234 is depressed, the delivery device 7100 executes theselected operation.

As shown in FIG. 55, the housing 7110 includes a first retainer portion7116, a second retainer portion 7117, and a third retainer portion 7118.At least one of the first retainer portion 7116, the second retainerportion 7117, or the third retainer portion 7118 is configured to securethe container assembly 7300 to the housing 7110. In one embodiment, thefirst retainer portion 7116 and the second retainer portion 7117 includea C-shaped or U-shaped cross-section configured to grip an outer surfaceof the first container 7301 and the second container 7302. The thirdretainer portion 7118 extends from a base surface of the housing 7110and abuts a second end 7332 of the container assembly 7300. The thirdretainer portion 7118 prevents the container assembly 7300 from movingin the axial direction. The location of the retainer portion 7118enables the container assembly 7300 to be installed onto the housing7110 at a predefined location along an axis of travel of the plungers7340. The first and second retainer portions 7116, 7117 further preventlateral movement of the container assembly 7300 relative to the axis oftravel of the plungers 7340. As such, the container assembly 7300 can bepredictably installed onto the housing 7110 such that positions of thedrive assembly 7150 is known relative to the plungers 7340. For example,the drive assembly 7150 may be placed in a retracted position (e.g., ahome position described herein) such that the container assembly 7300does not engage the drive assembly 7150 during installation onto thehousing 7110. This prevents the plungers 7340 from actuatinginadvertently. Once the container assembly 7300 has been installed onthe housing 7110, the drive assembly 7150 can perform the primingoperation and/or injection operation using known locations based on thehome position, described herein, thereby eliminating the need for aseparate alignment or calibration procedure. As described herein, thesystem 7000 may include sensors to detect whether the container assembly7300 and/or the connector 7400 are properly mounted and coupled prior toinitiating the priming operation or injection operation.

With reference to FIGS. 57-60, experimental test results on canine andrabbit vas deferens will now be discussed. As would be appreciated byone skilled in the art, the vas deferens of a human and a canine aresimilar in many ways including anatomical similarity as well wallthickness, and overall vessel length. By contrast, the vas deferens of arabbit have thinner vessel walls, different anatomical structures, andare shorter than the vas deferens of a human. As described herein,controlled formation and delivery of biomaterials to a target site iscritical for preventing damage to the target site or surrounding areas.Controlled formation and delivery of the biomaterials to the target siteis also important to ensure that the delivered biomaterials areefficacious for the intended application. For example, biomaterials suchas a hydrogel can be conveyed into a vas deferens to form an occlusionto block sperm as a form of contraception.

As shown in FIG. 57, a cross-section of a normal canine vas deferens8000 is shown. The canine vas deferens 8000 includes a lumen 8100 andsmooth muscles 8200 surrounding the lumen 8010. In one test case, thesystem 4000 was configured to mix components within the cartridge 4350and deliver a formed hydrogel to a canine vas deferens (not shown) viathe catheter 4510 at a rate of 400 μL/min and with a total deliveredvolume of 200 μL. In this test case, no vessel damage or leakage of thehydrogel was observed and the delivery and implant of the formedhydrogel into the canine vas deferens was efficacious (azoospermia onsubsequent semen collections post-implantation).

By comparison, in another test case, the system 4000 was configured tomix components within the cartridge 4350 and deliver a formed hydrogel9300 to a canine vas deferens 9000 via the catheter 4510 at a rate of3200 μL/min and with a total delivered volume of 75 μL. As shown inFIGS. 58 and 59, the canine vas deferens 9000 had observablehistological damage to the lumen 9100 and the surrounding muscles 9200after delivery of the hydrogel 9300. By way of another comparison, inone test case, the system 4000 was configured to mix components withinthe cartridge 4350 and deliver a formed hydrogel to a rabbit vasdeferens 10000 via the catheter 4510 at a rate of 400 μL/min and with atotal delivered volume of 200 μL. As shown in FIG. 60, the rabbit vasdeferens 10000 was damaged with burst outer vessel walls 10100 andformed hydrogel 10200 was leaking out. In view of the above, the sameinjection parameters applied may result in an efficacious implant in acanine vas deferens while causing damage in a rabbit vas deferens.Changing the rate of delivery and/or input injection forces for the sametype of target site (e.g., two different canine vas deferens) couldresult in drastically different outcomes—an efficacious implant underone scenario and damage to the vas deferens in the other scenario.

As demonstrated in the above experimental test results, precise controlof at least the injection forces applied and delivery speed of theformed biomaterial to a target site, which can be achieved with thesystems and methods described herein, is critical for successfullydelivering the biomaterial to a target site without damaging the site orsurrounding areas.

While the machine-readable storage medium (e.g., within the electroniccontrol system 2200) is shown in an example implementation to be asingle medium, the term “machine-readable storage medium” should betaken to include a single medium or multiple media (e.g., a centralizedor distributed database, and/or associated caches and servers) thatstore the one or more sets of instructions. The term “machine-readablestorage medium” shall also be taken to include any medium that iscapable of storing or encoding a set of instructions for execution bythe machine and that cause the machine to perform any one or more of themethodologies of the present disclosure. The term “machine-readablestorage medium” shall accordingly be taken to include, but not belimited to, solid-state memories, optical media and magnetic media.

The present disclosure also relates to an apparatus for performing theoperations herein. This apparatus may be specially constructed for theintended purposes, or it may comprise a general-purpose computerselectively activated or reconfigured by a computer program stored inthe computer. Such a computer program may be stored in a computerreadable storage medium, such as, but not limited to, any type of diskincluding floppy disks, optical disks, CD-ROMs, Universal Serial Bus(USB) flash drives, and magnetic-optical disks, read-only memories(ROMs), random access memories (RAMs), EPROMs, EEPROMs, magnetic oroptical cards, or any type of media suitable for storing electronicinstructions, each coupled to a computer system bus.

Various general-purpose systems may be used with programs in accordancewith the teachings herein, or it may prove convenient to construct amore specialized apparatus to perform the method. The structure for avariety of these systems will appear as set forth in the descriptionbelow. In addition, the present disclosure is not described withreference to any particular programming language. It will be appreciatedthat a variety of programming languages may be used to implement theteachings of the disclosure as described herein.

The present disclosure may be provided as a computer program product, orsoftware, that may include a machine-readable medium having storedthereon instructions, which may be used to program a computer system (orother electronic devices) to perform a process according to the presentdisclosure. A machine-readable medium includes any mechanism for storinginformation in a form readable by a machine (e.g., a computer). Forexample, a machine-readable (e.g., computer-readable) medium includes amachine (e.g., a computer) readable storage medium such as a read onlymemory (“ROM”), random access memory (“RAM”), magnetic disk storagemedia, optical storage media, flash memory devices, etc.

Some embodiments described herein relate to a computer storage productwith a non-transitory computer-readable medium (also can be referred toas a non-transitory processor-readable medium) having instructions orcomputer code thereon for performing various computer-implementedoperations. The computer-readable medium (or processor-readable medium)is non-transitory in the sense that it does not include transitorypropagating signals per se (e.g., a propagating electromagnetic wavecarrying information on a transmission medium such as space or a cable).The media and computer code (also can be referred to as code) may bethose designed and constructed for the specific purpose or purposes.Examples of non-transitory computer-readable media include, but are notlimited to: magnetic storage media such as hard disks, floppy disks, andmagnetic tape; optical storage media such as Compact Disc/Digital VideoDiscs (CD/DVDs), Compact Disc-Read Only Memories (CD-ROMs), UniversalSerial Bus (USB) flash drives, and holographic devices; magneto-opticalstorage media such as optical disks; carrier wave signal processingmodules; and hardware devices that are specially configured to store andexecute program code, such as Application-Specific Integrated Circuits(ASICs), Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs), Read-Only Memory (ROM) andRandom-Access Memory (RAM) devices.

Examples of computer code include, but are not limited to, micro-code ormicro-instructions, machine instructions, such as produced by acompiler, code used to produce a web service, and files containinghigher-level instructions that are executed by a computer using aninterpreter. For example, embodiments may be implemented usingimperative programming languages (e.g., C, Fortran, etc.), functionalprogramming languages (Haskell, Erlang, etc.), logical programminglanguages (e.g., Prolog), object-oriented programming languages (e.g.,Java, C++, etc.) or other suitable programming languages and/ordevelopment tools. Additional examples of computer code include, but arenot limited to, control signals, encrypted code, and compressed code.

A number of embodiments have been described. Nevertheless, it will beunderstood that various modifications may be made without departing fromthe spirit and scope of the invention. In addition, the logic flowsdepicted in the figures do not require the particular order shown, orsequential order, to achieve desirable results. In addition, other stepsmay be provided, or steps may be eliminated, from the described flows,and other components may be added to, or removed from, the describedsystems. Accordingly, other embodiments are within the scope of thefollowing claims.

While various embodiments of the invention have been described above, itshould be understood that they have been presented by way of exampleonly, and not limitation. Where methods described above indicate certainevents occurring in certain order, the ordering of certain events may bemodified. Additionally, certain of the events may be performedconcurrently in a parallel process when possible, as well as performedsequentially as described above. Any of the components andsub-components described herein can be included in any of theembodiments unless mutually exclusive. For example, in some embodiments,the apparatus may be able to perform one or more injections, such asdelivering two biomaterials into the same patient from the sameapparatus. In some embodiments, the apparatus performs a single primingstep and single injection; performs a single priming step and multipleinjections; performs multiple priming steps and a single injection; andperforms multiple priming steps and multiple injections. The priming andinjection steps is performed in a pre-defined sequence or performed inany order. The priming steps may include the same or different volumes.If multiple injections are done, the injections may have the same ordifferent volumes each time.

In some embodiments, the apparatus is used to inject a biomaterial thatis formed from one or more precursors. For example, two macromersolutions are injected that cross-link with each other to form ahydrogel material. The apparatus injects solutions into the body, suchthat the solutions form a hydrogel in situ. In some embodiments, theapparatus is used to inject the formed biomaterial into the body, e.g.cross-linked hydrogel. The hydrogel may continue to gel and/orcross-link in situ once injected or can be completely gelled orcross-linked by the time it exits the apparatus. In this regard, theapparatus facilitates the merging or mixing of the two or more differentsolutions into a single stream.

In some embodiments, the apparatus is a handheld device with a screensimilar to a cystoscope. The housing for the apparatus is designed suchthat it includes a grip for the user to hold the apparatus, a trigger,and buttons including on and off buttons, priming buttons, and injectbuttons. For example, the apparatus is configured for a user to push abutton to perform the injection. In some embodiments, the triggercontrols the syringe plunger actuation (piston) and therefore, controlthe dispensing volume. In some embodiments, the volume is dependent uponthe force that is pressed on the trigger. In some embodiments, theactuation of the syringe plunger is pre-set, regardless of the forceapplied by the user on the trigger, such that a consistent amount ofvolume is extruded from the apparatus.

In some embodiments, the apparatus includes one or more springs to applythe correct amount of pressure. The one or more springs are reusable bytensioning. The one or more springs controls movement of a piston,actuator rod, or similar device, for imparting pressure on the syringes.The precise force or pressure can be adjusted by setting the specifictension level on the one or more springs.

In some embodiments, the type and size of syringe selected for theapparatus impacts the injection parameters and biomaterial extruded. Insome embodiments, a material of the syringe is glass, plastic, or acombination of both. The syringe can be lubricated or non-lubricated. Insome embodiments, the syringe contains from about 0.1 mL to 100 mL involume. For example, the syringes can be 0.5 cc, 1 cc, 2 cc, 5 cc, 10cc, 20 cc, 50 cc, and/or 100 cc syringes. An inner diameter of thesyringes can range from about 0.2 mm to 50 mm. For example, 1 cc plasticBD syringes may be 4.64 mm in diameter. The cylindrical cross-sectionalarea may range from 0.000026 to 1.5 in². In some embodiments, theplunger can be selected for a particular application based on differentattributes including, for example, manufacturer, volume, length, innerdiameter and lubrication chosen. The plunger may be lubricated ornon-lubricated, and be made of synthetic rubber, natural rubber,thermoplastic, and/or an elastomer. In some embodiments, the syringesmay be locked into a holder, also referred to as a chassis. In oneaspect, the syringes can be loaded or included within a cassette-stylesyringe holder, which may be disposed after use.

In one embodiment, the apparatus contains a Y-connector (also known asblending connector) which contains channels for solutions to flowthrough. For example, manufacturers of Y-connectors include, but are notlimited to, Nordson Medical (Micromedics), Medmix, and Sulzer. In oneembodiment, the channels of the Y-connector do not facilitate mixing ofthe precursor solutions. Therefore, the solutions may merge or mix inthe needle and/or catheter hub. In some embodiments, the dual lumencatheter or needle is attached to the Y-connector to prevent any mixingor merging of the solutions within the apparatus. In some embodiments,the Y-connector is attached to the syringe(s) on one end.

In some embodiments, the apparatus includes tubing to extend thedistance from the syringes within the apparatus to the Y-connectorand/or angiocath/needle. For example, manufacturers of such tubinginclude, but are not limited to, Zeus, Medline and Cook Medical. In someembodiments, mixing of the two solutions occurs in the extension tubing.In some embodiments, mixing does not occur in the tubing. In someembodiments, a mixing chamber is attached to the Y-connector, such thatthe solutions merge or mix within the mixing chamber after exiting theY-connector. In some embodiments, the mixing chamber includes a numberof mixing elements, which determine the degree of mixing, such as 1 to20 mixing elements. In some embodiments, a needle and/or catheter isattached to the mixing chamber.

In some embodiments, the apparatus includes a catheter or needle orcombination of both, by which the biomaterial can be extruded from. Thecatheter or needle or combination is chosen based on a desiredapplication, location of implantation, chemical properties of thebiomaterial (e.g. viscosity), and desired injection volume, speed, andforce. The needle and/or catheter is configured to deliver thebiomaterial subdermally, percutaneously, or intraluminally. In someembodiments, the apparatus includes a needle-sheathed catheter or acatheter-sheathed needle. The maximum needle size/gauge is determined bythe lumen of the vessel, duct, or organ which will receive the externalstimulus and as a result the exact size of catheter, needle, orinstrument is not critical so long as it is shaped and sizedappropriately for a particular application. The gauged needle and/orcatheter can have a diameter ranging for example between about 100 umand 5 mm, including 0.1 mm, 0.2 mm, 0.3 mm, 0.4 mm, 0.5 mm, 0.6 mm, 0.7mm, 0.8 mm, 0.9 mm, 1.0 mm, 1 mm, 2 mm, 3 mm, 4 mm, or 5 mm. In someembodiments, the needle diameter is preferably between 0.3 mm to 1 mm.In some embodiments, the size of the needle and/or catheter is fromabout 6 gauge to 34 gauge, such as from about 10 gauge to 34 gauge, orabout from 15 gauge to 32 gauge, or about from 20 gauge to 26 gauge, orabout from 22 gauge to 26 gauge, and so on. In some embodiments, thesize of the needle is between about 21 gauge and 31 gauge. In someembodiments, the needle can be extra thin walled (XXTW), extra thinwalled (XTW), thin walled (TW), or regular walled (RW). For example,standard needle sizes are readily available such as athttp://www.sigmaaldrich.com/chemistry/stockroom-reagents/learning-center/technical-library/needle-gauge-chart.html.In some embodiments, the needle is used to introduce a secondarycatheter within the lumen of the vessel. In one aspect, the needle orcatheter can have a length between about 0.1 inch and 15 inches,preferably from about 0.5 inch to 10 inches, such as from about 0.8 to 5inches, or from about 0.4 to 1 or 2 or 3 inches. In some embodiments,the needle is echogenic, or visible on ultrasound.

In some embodiments, the apparatus is configured to operate with a deadvolume, depending on the components used in the apparatus. For example,the needle, catheter, and/or Y-connector is configured to contributeabout 10-1,000 μL of dead volume. In some embodiments, the apparatus isconfigured to operate with one or more start-stop cycles, one or morepriming steps, and one or more implantations. For example, the apparatusmay have 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, etc. start-stop cycles. In some embodiments, onestep is used to prime the Y-connector, needle/catheter, and/or extensiontubing with the precursor solution(s) to eliminate the dead volume priorto injecting the biomaterial.

In some embodiments, the apparatus is configured to inject three or moresolutions or combinations of materials. The apparatus is configured tomix any of the components, for example, two components may mix withinthe apparatus, while a third does not. In some embodiments, all threecomponents can merge at the same location, such as in the Y-connector orneedle/catheter hub or extension tubing. In some embodiments, theapparatus includes a subsystem that allows for the introduction of afluid through a catheter system. In some embodiments, the apparatusincludes a fluid reservoir, or a separate fluid reservoir is fluidlycoupled to the apparatus.

In some embodiments, the device is configured to deliver one or morecombinations of matter in different states such as solid, liquid, andgas, in any required combination or order based. In some embodiments,the device delivers air through the needle/catheter/tubing followed byinjection of multiple solutions. In another aspect, the device candeliver a liquid such as saline or water-for-injection, followed byinjection of the biomaterial. In one embodiment, the biomaterial that isextruded from the device is a hydrogel.

In some embodiments, operating parameters of the apparatus is optimizedto perform consistent and/or controlled injection. These parametersinclude, but are not limited to, the injection rate, volume injected,peak extrusion force, peak pressure in syringes, distance plungers move,plunger speed, and plunger acceleration. As operating parameters arealtered for particular applications, the resulting injection anddelivery of the biomaterial is altered. For example, the chemical,mechanical, and/or biological properties of the biomaterial (e.g.hydrogel or implant), including, but not limited to, the length, width,and volume of the implant, the gelation rate of the implant, the shapeof the implant, and how the implant interacts with the surroundingtissue can be altered based on the operating parameters. The length ofthe implant may directly impact the efficacy of the device, such as forocclusion of the vas deferens for male contraception.

In some embodiments, the injection rate ranges from about pL/min to 150mL/min, more preferably 1-10,000 μL/min.

In some embodiments, the injection rate is constant (cannot be adjustedby the user) or non-constant (can be adjusted). In some embodiments, thetime period of is constant (non-adjustable) or non-constant(adjustable). Thus, the rate and/or length of time or both can bemanipulated or set by a user to precisely control the injection volume.In one embodiment, the volume that is injected may range from 1 μL to100 mL. For applications where the biomaterial is being implanted into aduct, vessel, or tissue that is restricted in size and/or diameter, asmaller volume ranging from about 1 μL to 1,000 μL may be morepreferred. The injection volume may be optimized to prevent burst of thetissue or vessel. For occluding the vas deferens (which ranges in IDfrom about 0.5 to 0.8 mm), the preferred injection volume is from about1 μL to 200 μL.

In some embodiments, the peak extrusion force that the apparatus isrequired to exert on the syringe plungers ranges from about 0.1 to 20lbF. The force required depends on factors including, but not limitedto, viscosity of the solution, the type of syringes (e.g., manufacturer,length, inner diameter), plunger, lubrication of syringe and/or plunger,and needle inner diameter. In some embodiments, the peak extrusion forceis below 10 lbF. In some embodiments, the peak pressure in thesyringe(s) ranges from about 0.1 to 20 mmHg. In some embodiments, adistance that the plungers move ranges from about 0.1 to 20 cm. In someembodiment, the plunger moves at a speed ranging from 0.1 to 10 mm/sec.

In some embodiments, the apparatus is configured to add a solvent (e.g.dissolving solution) to a powder (e.g. polymer) within the device priorto performing a priming or injection step. For example, a container suchas syringe, vial, or ampule containing the polymer powder is loaded intoa slot within the apparatus, where upon pressing a button and/ortrigger, the apparatus fills the container with a solution to dissolvethe powder. In some embodiments, a carrier solution is added to solidsor dehydrated materials prior to delivery. In some embodiments, thedissolution or hydration of the dehydrated materials with the carriersolution is initiated via the user pressing a button, switch, ortrigger, after which the user will be able to perform priming andinjection steps. In some embodiments, after mixing of solids and thecarrier solvent, the apparatus is configured to de-gas or remove airgenerated from the mixing of the liquids and the solids, prior toperforming priming and/or injection steps.

In some embodiments, the biomaterial includes one or more of natural orsynthetic monomers, polymers or copolymers, biocompatible monomers,polymers or copolymers, such as polystyrene, neoprene, polyetherether 10ketone (PEEK), carbon reinforced PEEK, polyphenylene,polyetherketoneketone (PEKK), polyaryletherketone (PAEK),polyphenylsulphone, polysulphone, polyurethane, polyethylene,low-density polyethylene (LDPE), linear low-density polyethylene(LLDPE), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), polypropylene,polyetherketoneetherketoneketone (PEKEKK), nylon, fluoropolymers such aspolytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE or TEFLON®), TEFLON® TFE(tetrafluoroethylene), polyethylene terephthalate (PET or PETE), TEFLON®FEP (fluorinated ethylene propylene), TEFLON® PFA (perfluoroalkoxyalkane), and/or polymethylpentene (PMP) styrene maleic anhydride,styrene maleic acid (SMA), polyurethane, silicone, polymethylmethacrylate, polyacrylonitrile, poly (carbonate-urethane), poly(vinylacetate), nitrocellulose, cellulose acetate, urethane,urethane/carbonate, polylactic acid, polyacrylamide (PAAM), poly(N-isopropylacrylamine) (PNIPAM), poly (vinylmethylether), poly(ethylene oxide), poly (ethyl (hydroxyethyl) cellulose), poly(2-ethyloxazoline), polylactide (PLA), polyglycolide (PGA),poly(lactide-co-glycolide) PLGA, poly(e-caprolactone), polydiaoxanone,polyanhydride, trimethylene carbonate, poly(β-hydroxybutyrate),poly(g-ethyl glutamate), poly(DTH-iminocarbonate), poly(bisphenol Aiminocarbonate), poly(orthoester) (POE), polycyanoacrylate (PCA),polyphosphazene, polyethyleneoxide (PEO), polyethylene glycol (PEG) orany of its derivatives, polyacrylacid (PAA), polyacrylonitrile (PAN),polyvinylacrylate (PVA), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), polyglycolic lacticacid (PGLA), poly(2-hydroxypropyl methacrylamide) (pHPMAm), poly(vinylalcohol) (PVOH), PEG diacrylate (PEGDA), poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate)(pHEMA), N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPA), polyoxazoline (POx), poly(vinylalcohol) poly(acrylic acid) (PVOH-PAA), collagen, silk, fibrin, gelatin,hyaluron, cellulose, chitin, dextran, casein, albumin, ovalbumin,heparin sulfate, starch, agar, heparin, alginate, fibronectin, fibrin,keratin, pectin, elastin, ethylene vinyl acetate, ethylene vinyl alcohol(EVOH), polyethylene oxide, PLLA or PlLA (poly(L-lactide) orpoly(L-lactic acid)), poly(D,L-lactic acid), poly(D,L-lactide),polydimethylsiloxane or dimethicone (PDMS), poly(isopropyl acrylate)(PIPA), polyethylene vinyl acetate (PEVA), PEG styrene,polytetrafluoroethylene RFE such as TEFLON® RFE or KRYTOX® RFE,fluorinated polyethylene (FLPE or NALGENE®), methyl palmitate,temperature responsive polymers such as poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)(NIPA), polycarbonate, polyethersulfone, polycaprolactone, polymethylmethacrylate, polyisobutylene, nitrocellulose, medical grade silicone,cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate butyrate, polyacrylonitrile,poly(lactide-co-caprolactone (PLCL), and/or chitosan.

In some embodiments, the dissolving solution for the polymercomponent(s) may be aqueous buffers (pH range 1-14): phosphate, citrate,acetate, histidine, lactate, tromethamine, gluconate, aspartate,glutamate, tartrate, succinate, malic acid, fumaric acid,alpha-ketoglutaric, and/or carbonate. Non-aqueous solvents include:dimethyl isosorbide, glycofurol 75, PEG 200, diglyme, tetrhydrofurfurylalcohol, ethanol, acetone, solketal, glycerol formal, dimethylsulfoxide, propylene glycol, ethyl lactate, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone,dimethylacetamide, methanol, isopropanol, 1,4-butanediol, ethyl acetate,toluene, acetonitrile. In some embodiments, when the polymer componentis dissolved, the viscosity of the solution(s) that make up thebiomaterial may range from 0.1 to 250,000 cP. The density of thesolution may range from 0.1 to 20,000 kg/m³. The temperature duringextrusion may range from 2 to 45° C. The pH of the solution(s) may rangefrom 1-14. The ionic strength of the solution(s) may range from 1 nM to70 M.

In some embodiments, if two components are injected to form thebiomaterial, then the ratio of the components may be varied such as 1:1,:1, 1:2, 3:1, 1:3, 4:1, 1:4, and up to 10:1 or 1:10. The gelation rateof the biomaterial may range from about 0.001 seconds to 60 minutes. Thelength of the formed biomaterial may range from about 0.1 to 60 cm. Thevolume of the formed biomaterial may range from about 0.001 to 100 mL.

In some embodiments, the biomaterial swells within the implantationspace to lock or secure its placement. For example, a biomaterial in theform of a hydrogel may swell from about 1.5×-10× its initial volume. Insome embodiments, the extruded biomaterial conforms to the space it isinjected into. In some embodiments, the swelling of the biomaterial doesnot change volume within the implantation space, or shrinks to conformto a volume of the implantation space. In some embodiments, theapparatus injects a pre-formed biomaterial (does not cross-link, form,or gel in situ). Once injected, the biomaterial may or may not reactwith the implantation space. If a reaction does occur, it may becovalent or non-covalent. In some embodiments, the biomaterialadhesively interacts within the implantation space.

Although the electronic control system 2200 is shown as includingspecific modules, in other embodiments, the electronic control system2200 (or any of the electronic control systems described herein) caninclude different modules or components than those shown in FIGS. 8 and9. For example, in some embodiments, any of the electronic controlsystems described herein can include any other suitable modules, such asfor example, a network module. The network module can facilitatecommunication between the electronic control system and other remotecomputing devices via a network (e.g., the Internet).

Although various embodiments have been described as having particularfeatures and/or combinations of components, other embodiments arepossible having a combination of any features and/or components from anyof embodiments where appropriate. For example, any of the devices shownand described herein can include an electronic control system similar tothe electronic control system 2200 as described herein.

What is claimed is:
 1. An apparatus, comprising: a housing configured toreceive at least a portion of a container assembly, the containerassembly containing a first component and a second component, the firstcomponent being separate from the second component within the containerassembly, the first component formulated to be crosslinked with thesecond component to form a hydrogel, the container assembly configuredto be coupled to a connector; and a drive assembly including a driver, adrive member, and an electronic control system, the driver configured toproduce a drive force to move the drive member, the drive memberconfigured to be operatively coupled to the container assembly such thatmovement of the drive member causes a portion of the first component anda portion of the second component to be conveyed from the containerassembly to the connector, the electronic control system is configuredto control a drive member velocity of the drive member to maintain anexit velocity of the portion of the first component and the portion ofthe second component within a predetermined velocity range during a timeperiod.
 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the predetermined velocityrange is bounded by an upper velocity threshold and a lower velocitythreshold.
 3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the upper velocitythreshold and the lower velocity threshold are such that a deliveredvolume of the portion of the first component and the portion of thesecond component is within a delivered volume range.
 4. The apparatus ofclaim 3, wherein the delivered volume range is between about 5microliters and about 1000 microliters.
 5. The apparatus of claim 2,wherein the lower velocity threshold is above zero.
 6. The apparatus ofclaim 1, wherein: the container assembly includes a first container anda second container, the first container containing the first componentand a first plunger, the second container containing the secondcomponent and a second plunger; the driver is an electromechanicaldriver; and the drive member is configured to be engaged with the firstplunger and the second plunger such that movement of the drive membermoves the first plunger within the first container and the secondplunger within the second container.
 7. The apparatus of claim 6,further comprising: the container assembly including a cartridgeconfigured to be coupled to the first container and the secondcontainer, the cartridge including an engagement portion; and thehousing includes a container portion configured to receive thecartridge, the container portion having retainer configured to engagethe engagement portion of the cartridge to removably retain thecontainer assembly within the container portion of the housing in afixed position relative to a home position associated with the driveassembly.
 8. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein: the engagement portionof the cartridge is a first engagement portion, the cartridge includinga second engagement portion; and the retainer of the container portionis a first retainer, the container portion including a second retainerconfigured to engage the second engagement portion of the cartridge toinhibit movement of the container assembly relative to the housing in atleast two directions.
 9. An apparatus, comprising: a housing configuredto receive at least a portion of a container assembly, the containerassembly including a first container containing a first component and asecond container containing a second component, the first container andthe second container configured to be coupled to a connector, thecontainer assembly including a first plunger and a second plunger; adelivery member configured to be coupled to the connector, the deliverymember defining a mixing volume containing a bolus of air, the deliverymember including an outlet portion configured to be in fluidcommunication with a body lumen; and a drive assembly configured to beoperatively coupled to the container assembly, the drive assemblyconfigured to move the first plunger within the first container toconvey a portion of the first component from the first container and thesecond plunger within the second container to convey a portion of thesecond component from the second container, the drive assemblyconfigured to move the first plunger and the second plungersimultaneously for a time period to dispense the portion of the firstcomponent and the portion of the second component into the mixing volumeto form a hydrogel and to cause the bolus of air to be delivered intothe body lumen via the outlet portion of the delivery member.
 10. Theapparatus of claim 9, wherein the bolus of air has a selected volumesufficient to dilate the body lumen before the hydrogel is conveyed intothe body lumen.
 11. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the selectedvolume is between 0.1 mL and 10 mL.
 12. The apparatus of claim 9,wherein the body lumen is one of an artery, vein, capillary, vessel,tissue, lymphatic vessel, vas deferens, epididymis, fallopian tube,duct, bile duct, hepatic duct, cystic duct, pancreatic duct, parotidduct, uterus, or organ of a gastrointestinal tract or circulatory systemor respiratory system or nervous system.
 13. The apparatus of claim 9,wherein: the drive assembly includes an electromechanical driver, adrive member, and an electronic control system; the drive member isconfigured to be engaged with a plunger assembly, movement of the drivemember configured to move the first plunger and the second plunger; andthe electromechanical driver is configured to produce a drive force tomove the drive member.
 14. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein thedelivery member is a catheter.
 15. A method of delivering a composition,comprising: coupling an inlet of a connector to a container assembly,the container assembly including a first component and a secondcomponent separate from the first component; priming the connector byconveying a first portion of the first component from the containerassembly to a first outlet of the connector and conveying a firstportion of the second component from the container assembly to a secondoutlet of the connector; coupling, after the priming, a delivery memberto the connector to place the first outlet of the connector and thesecond outlet of the connector in fluid communication with a mixingvolume defined by the delivery member, the coupling of the deliverymember is performed such that a bolus of air is within the mixingvolume, the delivery member including an outlet portion in fluidcommunication with a body lumen; conveying, after the coupling thedelivery member, a second portion of the first component and a secondportion of the second component into the mixing volume, the secondportion of the first component crosslinking with the second portion ofthe second component to form a hydrogel within the delivery member, theconveying of the second portion of the first component and the secondportion of the second component into the mixing volume causing the bolusof air to be delivered into the body lumen; and conveying the hydrogelout of the delivery member via the outlet portion after the delivery ofthe bolus of air into the body lumen.
 16. The method of claim 15,wherein the bolus of air has a selected volume sufficient to dilate thebody lumen before the hydrogel is conveyed into the body lumen.
 17. Themethod of claim 16, wherein the selected volume is between 0.1 mL and 10mL.
 18. The method of claim 15, wherein the hydrogel is echogenic, themethod further comprising: identifying the bolus of air via an image ofthe body lumen.
 19. The method of claim 15, wherein the body lumen isone of an artery, vein, capillary, vessel, tissue, lymphatic vessel, vasdeferens, epididymis, fallopian tube, duct, bile duct, hepatic duct,cystic duct, pancreatic duct, parotid duct, uterus, or organ of agastrointestinal tract or circulatory system or respiratory system ornervous system.
 20. The method of claim 15, wherein the delivery memberis a catheter.